Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2021 Jan 4;72:151-179. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-070920-023638. Epub 2020 Sep 14.
Human memory, as a product of the mind and brain, is inherently private and personal. Yet, arising from the interaction between the organism and its ecology in the course of phylogeny and ontogeny, human memory is also profoundly collective and cultural. In this review, I discuss the cultural foundation of human memory. I start by briefly reflecting on the conception of memory against a historical and cultural background. I then detail a model of a culturally saturated mnemonic system in which cultural elements constitute and condition various processes of remembering, focusing on memory representation, perceptual encoding, memory function, memory reconstruction, memory expression, and memory socialization. Then I discuss research on working memory, episodic memory, and autobiographical memory as examples that further demonstrate how cultural elements shape the processes and consequences of remembering and lay the foundation for human memory. I conclude by outlining some important future directions in memory research.
人类记忆作为心智和大脑的产物，本质上是私人的和个人的。然而，在个体发生和系统发生过程中，由于生物体与其生态环境的相互作用，人类记忆也具有深刻的集体性和文化性。在这篇综述中，我讨论了人类记忆的文化基础。我首先简要地在历史和文化背景下反思了记忆的概念。然后，我详细介绍了一个文化饱和的记忆系统模型，其中文化元素构成和调节着记忆的各个过程，重点是记忆表现、知觉编码、记忆功能、记忆重构、记忆表达和记忆社会化。然后，我以工作记忆、情景记忆和自传体记忆为例讨论了研究，进一步证明了文化元素如何塑造记忆的过程和结果，并为人类记忆奠定了基础。最后，我概述了记忆研究的一些重要未来方向。
