Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2020;250:119-171. doi: 10.1007/398_2020_48.
The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the current state of science concerning herbicide exposure and toxicity to aquatic primary producers. To this end we assessed the open literature, revealing the widespread presence of (mixtures of) herbicides, inevitably leading to the exposure of non-target primary producers. Yet, herbicide concentrations show strong temporal and spatial variations. Concerning herbicide toxicity, it was concluded that the most sensitive as well as the least sensitive species differed per herbicide and that the observed effect concentrations for some herbicides were rather independent from the exposure time. More extensive ecotoxicity testing is required, especially considering macrophytes and marine herbicide toxicity. Hence, it was concluded that the largest knowledge gap concerns the effects of sediment-associated herbicides on primary producers in the marine/estuarine environment. Generally, there is no actual risk of waterborne herbicides to aquatic primary producers. Still, median concentrations of atrazine and especially of diuron measured in China, the USA and Europe represented moderate risks for primary producers. Maximum concentrations due to misuse and accidents may even cause the exceedance of almost 60% of the effect concentrations plotted in SSDs. Using bioassays to determine the effect of contaminated water and sediment and to identify the herbicides of concern is a promising addition to chemical analysis, especially for the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides using photosynthesis as endpoint in the bioassays. This review concluded that to come to a reliable herbicide hazard and risk assessment, an extensive catch-up must be made concerning macrophytes, the marine environment and especially sediment as overlooked and understudied environmental compartments.
本综述的目的是概述有关除草剂暴露和水生初级生产者毒性的当前科学状况。为此，我们评估了开放文献，揭示了（混合物）除草剂的广泛存在，不可避免地导致了非靶标初级生产者的暴露。然而，除草剂浓度表现出强烈的时间和空间变化。关于除草剂毒性，得出的结论是，每种除草剂的最敏感和最不敏感物种都不同，并且一些除草剂的观察到的效应浓度与暴露时间相当独立。需要进行更广泛的生态毒性测试，特别是考虑到大型水生植物和海洋除草剂毒性。因此，得出的结论是，最大的知识差距涉及沉积物相关除草剂对海洋/河口环境中初级生产者的影响。一般来说，水生初级生产者不存在水传播的除草剂的实际风险。尽管如此，在中国、美国和欧洲测量的莠去津和特别是敌草隆的中值浓度对初级生产者构成了中度风险。由于滥用和事故导致的最高浓度甚至可能导致在 SSD 中绘制的效应浓度的近 60%被超过。使用生物测定法来确定受污染水和沉积物的影响，并识别关注的除草剂，是对化学分析的有益补充，特别是对于使用生物测定法中的光合作用作为终点的抑制光合作用的除草剂。本综述得出的结论是，为了进行可靠的除草剂危害和风险评估，必须在大型水生植物、海洋环境以及特别是被忽视和研究不足的沉积物环境方面进行广泛的追赶。
