Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;174:37-45. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64148-9.00003-X.
Many authors have contributed to the description of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for the two last centuries. In this chapter, we review the current diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, and history of ADHD. The different phenotypes (predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, or combined) and diagnostic process are detailed. The DSM-5 includes the three phenotypes that begin before age 12, are present in at least two settings, and cannot be explained by another condition. Theoretical underpinnings and biological and environmental etiologies reported in the latest literature are discussed. There are many comorbidities associated with ADHD, which are associated with an increase in the negative impact on everyday life. Treatment decisions involve a complex interaction between child's age, symptom severity levels, comorbidities, functional impairments, and parents' preferences. Medication (psychostimulant and nonstimulant) and psychosocial (mainly behavioral parent training) treatments as well as school-based interventions are described.
许多作者在过去两个世纪中对注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）进行了描述。在这一章中，我们回顾了 ADHD 的当前诊断标准、流行病学和历史。详细介绍了不同的表型（主要是注意力不集中型、多动/冲动型或混合型）和诊断过程。DSM-5 包括三种表型，这些表型在 12 岁之前开始，至少存在于两个环境中，并且不能用其他疾病来解释。本文还讨论了最新文献中报道的 ADHD 的理论基础以及生物学和环境病因。ADHD 存在许多共病，这与日常生活中负面影响的增加有关。治疗决策涉及到儿童年龄、症状严重程度、共病、功能障碍和家长偏好之间的复杂相互作用。药物治疗（兴奋剂和非兴奋剂）和心理社会治疗（主要是行为家长培训）以及基于学校的干预措施都有描述。
