Effects of exceeding stroke frequency of maximal effort on hand kinematics and hand propulsive force in front crawl.

This study aimed to assess kinematic and kinetic changes in front crawl with various stroke frequency () conditions to investigate why swimming velocity () does not increase above a certain (). Eight male swimmers performed 20 m front crawl four times. The first trial involved maximal effort, whereas was controlled during the next three trials. The instructed s were 100 (100%), 110 (110%), and 120% (120%) of the . Through pressure measurement and underwater motion analysis, hand propulsive force (calculated by the difference between the palm and dorsal pressure value and the hand area) and the angle of attack of the hand were quantified, and differences between trials were assessed by a repeated-measures ANOVA. There was no difference in between the conditions, while the angle of attack during the latter half of the underwater stroke at 120% was smaller by 25.7% compared with 100% ( = 0.007). The lower angle of attack induced a lower pressure value on the palm that consequently caused a smaller hand propulsive force at 120% than 100% ( = 0.026). Therefore, the decrease in the angle of attack must be minimised to maintain the hand propulsive force.