Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, and Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia.
J Athl Train. 2020 Sep 1;55(9):874-884. doi: 10.4085/1062/6050.422.19.
Over the past 20 years, research on the training-load-injury relationship has grown exponentially. With the benefit of more data, our understanding of the training-performance puzzle has improved. What were we thinking 20 years ago, and how has our thinking changed over time? Although early investigators attributed overuse injuries to excessive training loads, it has become clear that rapid spikes in training load, above what an athlete is accustomed, explain (at least in part) a large proportion of injuries. In this respect, it appears that overuse injuries may arise from athletes being underprepared for the load they are about to perform. However, a question of interest to both athletic trainers (ATs) and researchers is why some athletes sustain injury at low training loads, while others can tolerate much greater training loads? A higher chronic training load and well-developed aerobic fitness and lower body strength appear to moderate the training-injury relationship and provide a protective effect against spikes in load. The training-performance puzzle is complex and dynamic-at any given time, multiple inputs to injury and performance exist. The challenge facing researchers is obtaining large enough longitudinal data sets to capture the time-varying nature of physiological and musculoskeletal capacities and training-load data to adequately inform injury-prevention efforts. The training-performance puzzle can be solved, but it will take collaboration between researchers and clinicians as well as an understanding that efficacy (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in an idealized or controlled setting) does not equate to effectiveness (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in the real-world setting, where many variables cannot be controlled).
在过去的 20 年中，关于训练负荷与损伤关系的研究呈指数级增长。随着更多数据的出现，我们对训练-表现之谜的理解也有所提高。20 年前我们是怎么想的，我们的想法是如何随着时间变化的？尽管早期的研究人员将过度使用损伤归因于过度的训练负荷，但很明显，训练负荷的快速增加（超过运动员的习惯水平）至少可以解释很大一部分损伤。在这方面，过度使用损伤似乎可能是由于运动员对即将进行的负荷准备不足。然而，运动员训练员（ATs）和研究人员都感兴趣的一个问题是，为什么有些运动员在低训练负荷下受伤，而有些运动员则可以承受更大的训练负荷？较高的慢性训练负荷、良好的有氧健身和较低的身体力量似乎可以调节训练-损伤关系，并对负荷增加提供保护作用。训练-表现之谜是复杂和动态的——在任何给定的时间，都存在多个导致损伤和表现的因素。研究人员面临的挑战是获得足够大的纵向数据集，以捕捉生理和骨骼肌肉能力以及训练负荷数据的时变性质，从而为损伤预防工作提供充分的信息。训练-表现之谜是可以解决的，但这需要研究人员和临床医生之间的合作，以及认识到疗效（即训练负荷如何在理想或受控环境中影响表现和损伤）不等同于效果（即训练负荷如何在现实世界环境中影响表现和损伤，在现实世界环境中，许多变量无法控制）。
