Vilas-Boas Cátia, Carvalhal Francisca, Pereira Beatriz, Carvalho Sílvia, Sousa Emília, Pinto Madalena M M, Calhorda Maria José, Vasconcelos Vitor, Almeida Joana R, Silva Elisabete R, Correia-da-Silva Marta
Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
Mar Drugs. 2020 Sep 25;18(10):489. doi: 10.3390/md18100489.
Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties.
海洋生物污损是一项全球性的经济和生态挑战，且几乎没有环保型防污剂可供使用。这项工作的目的是证实一个概念：一种最近合成的受自然启发的化合物（没食子酸过硫酸盐，GAP），当通过非释放策略固定在涂层中时，可作为一种环保且有效的防污剂，产生持久的防污效果。对GAP的合成进行了优化以实现定量产率。评估了GAP的水溶性，其值高于1000 mg/mL。发现GAP在经过灭菌的天然海水中稳定，半衰期（DT）为7个月。将GAP固定在几种商业涂层中，结果表明它与不同的聚合物基体具有高度相容性。对含有GAP的聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚氨酯基海洋涂层进行的浸出试验证实，GAP的化学固定是成功的，因为观察到其释放量比聚氨酯基海洋涂层的传统释放系统低五倍。此外，在实验室试验中，含有固定化GAP的涂层在最长暴露期（40小时）内对幼虫表现出最有利的抗附着效果。总体而言，GAP有望成为一种能够提高几种具有理想环境特性的商业海洋涂层防污活性的试剂。
