The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China.
Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020 Sep 29;11(1):424. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01937-8.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stromal cells that reside in virtually all postnatal tissues. Due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, MSCs have attracted growing attention during the past two decades. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are able to duplicate the effects of their parental cells by transferring functional proteins and genetic materials to recipient cells without cell-to-cell contact. MSC-EVs also target macrophages, which play an essential role in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs reduce M1 polarization and/or promote M2 polarization in a variety of settings. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and roles of MSC-EV-induced macrophage polarization in the outcomes of cardiovascular, pulmonary, digestive, renal, and central nervous system diseases. In conclusion, MSC-EVs may become a viable alternative to MSCs for the treatment of diseases in which inflammation and immunity play a critical role.
间充质干细胞（MSCs）是存在于几乎所有出生后组织中的成体基质细胞。由于其再生和免疫调节能力，MSC 在过去二十年中引起了越来越多的关注。MSC 衍生的细胞外囊泡（MSC-EVs）能够通过将功能性蛋白质和遗传物质传递给靶细胞而无需细胞间接触来复制其亲本细胞的作用。MSC-EVs 还靶向巨噬细胞，巨噬细胞在先天免疫、适应性免疫和体内平衡中发挥着重要作用。最近的研究表明，MSC-EVs 在多种情况下减少 M1 极化和/或促进 M2 极化。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了巨噬细胞极化的机制以及 MSC-EV 诱导的巨噬细胞极化在心血管、肺部、消化系统、肾脏和中枢神经系统疾病结局中的作用。总之，MSC-EVs 可能成为治疗炎症和免疫发挥关键作用的疾病的 MSC 的可行替代品。
