Vaccines against components of the renin-angiotensin system.

Even though effective drugs for treating hypertension are available, a great percentage of patients have inadequate control of their blood pressure. Unwanted side effects and inappropriate oral drug adherence are important factors that contribute to the global problem of uncontrolled hypertension. Vaccination could provide a revolutionary therapy with long-lasting effects, increasing patient compliance and therefore better control of high blood pressure. Nowadays, current immunization approaches against hypertension target renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor, key elements of the renin-angiotensin system. This article reviews the different vaccination attempts with proteins and peptides against the different molecules of the renin-angiotensin system in the last two decades, safety issues, and other novel prospects biomarkers in hypertension, and summarizes the potential of this immunomodulatory approach in clinical practice.