Sakamoto Y, Lockey R F, Krzanowski J J
South Med J. 1987 Jul;80(7):866-72. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198707000-00016.
At least four different species of the toxic dinoflagellates cause shellfish and fish poisoning in the United States: Ptychodiscus brevis, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning; Protogonyaulax catenella and P tamarensis, paralytic shellfish poisoning; and Gambierdiscus toxicus, ciguatera fish poisoning. These three disorders have similar clinical manifestations, primarily neurologic and alimentary. A complete history is essential; confirmation, while dependent on specific laboratory analysis, is usually based on a history of ingestion of fish or shellfish previously associated with these types of poisonings. The principal toxins affect sodium channels; Ptychodiscus brevis toxins and ciguatoxin by stimulating these channels and saxitoxin by blocking them. Since no antidote is known, treatment is symptomatic. Public health measures and public education are necessary to prevent this form of poisoning.
在美国，至少有四种不同种类的有毒甲藻会导致贝类和鱼类中毒：短裸甲藻，引发神经毒性贝类中毒；链状亚历山大藻和塔玛亚历山大藻，引发麻痹性贝类中毒；以及毒冈比甲藻，引发雪卡鱼中毒。这三种病症有相似的临床表现，主要为神经和消化系统症状。完整的病史至关重要；确诊虽依赖特定实验室分析，但通常基于食用过先前与这些中毒类型相关的鱼类或贝类的病史。主要毒素会影响钠通道；短裸甲藻毒素和雪卡毒素通过刺激这些通道起作用，而石房蛤毒素则通过阻断这些通道起作用。由于尚无已知解药，治疗以对症治疗为主。采取公共卫生措施和开展公众教育对于预防这种中毒形式很有必要。
