Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2021 May;150(5):851-863. doi: 10.1037/xge0000978. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
Response errors often cause individuals to slow down their subsequent reactions (posterror slowing [PES]). Despite intensive investigations on PES, the adaptive nature of PES remains unresolved. Here, we systematically examined this issue by manipulating response-stimulus intervals (RSIs) and examining their influence on behaviors and neural dynamics of PES. Behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) measures were recorded while male and female human participants performed a four-choice flanker task as RSIs were manipulated. Behaviorally, PES showed maladaptive features at short RSIs but some adaptive features at long RSIs. EEG results indicated that RSIs did not affect basic error-related processing, indexed by the same pattern in the contrasts between flanker errors and correct responses on the error-related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe), or theta band, no matter at short or long RSIs. However, RSIs significantly influenced postflanker error attentional adjustment, motor inhibition, and sensory sensitivity. At short RSIs, compared with postcorrect trials, postflanker error trials elicited larger beta band power and smaller P1 amplitude but did not affect alpha band power, suggesting that motor processing was inhibited, and subsequent sensory processing was impaired, but no attentional adjustment occurred. By contrast, at long RSIs, postflanker error trials led to smaller alpha and beta band power but did not affect P1 amplitude, indicating that attentional adjustment but not motor inhibition occurred, and sensory processing was not impaired. Together with behavioral results, the current study demonstrated that PES was adaptive at long RSIs but maladaptive at short RSIs. We further discuss the role of central resources in the adaptability of PES. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
反应错误通常会导致个体减缓后续反应（反应后减速[PES]）。尽管对 PES 进行了深入研究，但 PES 的适应性本质仍未得到解决。在这里，我们通过操纵反应-刺激间隔（RSIs）并检查它们对 PES 的行为和神经动力学的影响，系统地研究了这个问题。在男性和女性人类参与者执行四项选择侧翼任务时记录了行为和电生理（EEG）测量，同时操纵了 RSIs。行为上，PES 在短 RSIs 时表现出适应性特征，但在长 RSIs 时表现出一些适应性特征。EEG 结果表明，无论 RSIs 是短还是长，RSIs 都不会影响基本的错误相关处理，这反映在侧翼错误与正确反应之间的对比中ERN、Pe 或θ带的相同模式上。然而，RSIs 显著影响了侧翼错误后的注意调整、运动抑制和感觉敏感性。在短 RSIs 时，与正确反应后相比，侧翼错误后试验诱发的β波段功率更大，P1 振幅更小，但不影响α波段功率，这表明运动处理受到抑制，随后的感觉处理受损，但没有注意调整。相比之下，在长 RSIs 时，侧翼错误后试验导致α和β波段功率减小，但不影响 P1 振幅，这表明发生了注意调整，但没有运动抑制，并且感觉处理未受损。与行为结果一起，本研究表明 PES 在长 RSIs 时是适应性的，但在短 RSIs 时是适应性的。我们进一步讨论了中央资源在 PES 适应性中的作用。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。
