DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Yale J Biol Med. 2020 Sep 30;93(4):501-515. eCollection 2020 Sep.
The thyroid is not necessary to sustain life. However, thyroid hormones (TH) strongly affect the human body. Functioning of the thyroid gland affects the reproductive capabilities of women and men, as well as fertilization and maintaining a pregnancy. For the synthesis of TH, hydrogen peroxide (HO) is necessary. From the chemical point of view, TH is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serves as an oxidative stress (OS) promoter. HO concentration in the thyroid gland is much higher than in other tissues. Therefore, the thyroid is highly exposed to OS. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) are DNA lesions resulting from ROS action onto guanine moiety. Due to their abundance, they are recognized as biomarkers of OS. As thyroid function is correlated with the level of OS, 8-oxodG and 8-OHdG has been taken under consideration. Studies correlate the oxidative DNA damage with various thyroid diseases (TD) such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), Graves' disease (GD), and thyroid cancer. Human sexual function and fertility are also affected by OS and TD. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism diagnosed in pregnant women have a negative effect on pregnancy as it may increase the risk of miscarriage or fetus mortality. In the case of TD in the mother, fetal health is also at risk - neurodevelopment and cognitive function of the child may be impaired in its future life. This review presents thyroid function in the context of TD during pregnancy. The authors introduce OS and describe oxidative DNA lesions as a crucial marker of thyroid pathologies.
甲状腺对于维持生命并非必需。然而，甲状腺激素（TH）对人体有重要影响。甲状腺功能的正常与否会影响女性和男性的生殖能力，包括受精和妊娠维持。TH 的合成需要过氧化氢（HO）。从化学角度来看，TH 是一种活性氧（ROS），是氧化应激（OS）的促进剂。甲状腺中的 HO 浓度远高于其他组织。因此，甲状腺极易受到 OS 的影响。8-氧代-7,8-二氢-2'-脱氧鸟苷（8-oxodG）和 8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）是 ROS 作用于鸟嘌呤部分导致的 DNA 损伤。由于其丰富性，它们被认为是 OS 的生物标志物。由于甲状腺功能与 OS 水平相关，因此考虑了 8-oxodG 和 8-OHdG。研究将氧化 DNA 损伤与各种甲状腺疾病（TD）相关联，如桥本甲状腺炎（HT）、格雷夫斯病（GD）和甲状腺癌。人类的性功能和生育能力也受到 OS 和 TD 的影响。在孕妇中诊断出的甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺功能亢进症会对妊娠产生负面影响，因为它可能会增加流产或胎儿死亡的风险。在母亲患有 TD 的情况下，胎儿的健康也存在风险——孩子未来的生活中可能会出现神经发育和认知功能受损。这篇综述介绍了妊娠期间甲状腺功能与 TD 的关系。作者介绍了 OS，并描述了氧化 DNA 损伤作为甲状腺病变的关键标志物。
