Bioaugmentation of in phytoremediation of aluminium-contaminated soil using and .

This research analyses the performance of bacteria-assisted phytoremediation of aluminium (Al)-contaminated soil using native Indonesian plants namely, and A range finding test (RFT) was carried out for 14 days to obtain the tolerable Al concentration for both plants. A total of 2% and 5% (v/v) were bioaugmented during the 28-day phytoremediation test to enhance the overall Al removal. Result of the RFT showed that both plants can tolerate up to 500 mg/kg Al concentration. The addition of to the reactors resulted in a significant increment of Al removal from the contaminated soil ( 0.05). Such addition of increased the Al removal by up to 14.0% compared with that without-bacteria addition. The highest Al removal was obtained for with 5% with an efficiency of 35.1% from 500 mg/kg initial concertation. with 500 mg/kg initial concentration showed the highest removal of 26.2% by the addition of 5% . The increase of Al removal by the bioaugmentation of was due to the interaction in the plant's rhizosphere. Exudates of both plants provided a good environment for bacteria to live in the root area. Meanwhile, the bacteria increased the bioavailability of Al to be further extracted by plants. Certain mechanisms, such as rhizostabilisation, phytostimulation and phytoextraction, were considered to be the main processes that occurred during the treatment. and displayed promising ability to act as Al hyperaccumulators with bioaccumulation factor values up to 5.308 and 3.068, respectively. Development of the design of the ex-situ soil phytoremediation reactors is suggested as a future research direction because it can significantly enhance the current obtained finding.