College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China.
College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
Eur J Med Chem. 2020 Dec 1;207:112784. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112784. Epub 2020 Sep 11.
Exosomes are cystic vesicles secreted by living cells with a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Importantly, these vesicles could serve to carry lipids, proteins, genetic materials, and transmit biological information in vivo. The cell-specific proteins and genetic materials in exosomes are capable of reflecting their cell origin and physiological status. Based on the different tissues and cells (macrophage, dendritic cells, tumor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, various body fluids, and so on), exosomes exhibit different characteristics and functions. Furthermore, owing to their high delivery efficiency, biocompatibility, and multifunctional properties, exosomes are expected to become a new means of drug delivery, disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, and precise treatment. At the same time, in order to supplement or enhance the therapeutic applicability of exosomes, chemical or biological modifications can be used to broaden, change or improve their therapeutic capabilities. This review focuses on three aspects: the characteristics and original functions of exosomes secreted by different cells, the modification and transformation of exosomes, and the application of exosomes in different diseases.
外泌体是活细胞分泌的具有磷脂双层膜的囊泡。重要的是，这些囊泡可以携带脂质、蛋白质、遗传物质，并在体内传递生物信息。外泌体中的细胞特异性蛋白质和遗传物质能够反映其细胞起源和生理状态。基于不同的组织和细胞（巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、肿瘤细胞、间充质干细胞、各种体液等），外泌体表现出不同的特征和功能。此外，由于其高效的递药效率、生物相容性和多功能特性，外泌体有望成为一种新的药物递药、疾病诊断、免疫治疗和精准治疗手段。同时，为了补充或增强外泌体的治疗适用性，可以对其进行化学或生物学修饰，以拓宽、改变或提高其治疗能力。本综述重点关注三个方面：不同细胞分泌的外泌体的特性和原始功能、外泌体的修饰和转化，以及外泌体在不同疾病中的应用。
