Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 1;268(Pt A):115747. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115747. Epub 2020 Sep 28.
Due to worldwide regulations on the application of the high production volume industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA) in various consumer products, alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are increasingly used. To assess human exposure to these chemicals, biomonitoring of urinary concentrations is frequently used. However, the short-term variability of alternative bisphenols has not been evaluated thoroughly yet, which is essential to achieve a correct estimation of exposure. In this study, we collected all spot urine samples from ten healthy adults for five consecutive days, and an additional 24 h pooled sample. We measured the concentrations of seven bisphenols (BPAF, BPF, BPA, BPB, BPZ, BPS and BPAP) in these samples using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. BPA, BPF and BPS were frequently found in spot samples (>80%), while bisphenol AP (BPAP) was detected in 43% of spot samples. Calculations of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) showed that reproducibility of these four bisphenols was relatively poor (<0.01-0.200) but improved when concentrations were corrected for urine dilution using creatinine levels (0.128-0.401). Of these four bisphenols, BPF showed the best reproducibility (ICC 0.200-0.439) and BPS the most variability (ICC <0.01-0.128). In general, the within-participant variability of bisphenol levels was the largest contributor to the total variance (47-100%). We compared repeated first morning voids to 24 h pooled urine and found no significantly different concentrations for BPA, BPF, BPS, or BPAP. Levels of BPA and BPF differed significantly depending on the sampling time throughout the day. The findings in this study suggest that collecting multiple samples per participant over a few days, in predefined time windows throughout the day, could result in a more reliable estimation of internal exposure to bisphenols.
由于全球对高产量工业化学品双酚 A（BPA）在各种消费品中应用的法规限制，双酚 F（BPF）和双酚 S（BPS）等替代双酚的使用日益增多。为了评估人体对这些化学物质的暴露情况，经常使用尿液浓度的生物监测。然而，替代双酚的短期变异性尚未得到充分评估，这对于正确估计暴露情况至关重要。在这项研究中，我们收集了十个健康成年人连续五天的所有单次尿液样本和另外一个 24 小时混合样本。我们使用气相色谱-串联质谱法测量了这些样本中七种双酚（BPAF、BPF、BPA、BPB、BPZ、BPS 和 BPAP）的浓度。在单次样本中经常发现 BPA、BPF 和 BPS（>80%），而双酚 AP（BPAP）在 43%的单次样本中被检测到。内类相关系数（ICC）的计算表明，这四种双酚的重现性相对较差（<0.01-0.200），但当使用肌酐水平校正尿液稀释时，重现性得到改善（0.128-0.401）。在这四种双酚中，BPF 表现出最佳的重现性（ICC 0.200-0.439），BPS 表现出最大的变异性（ICC<0.01-0.128）。一般来说，双酚水平的个体内变异性是总方差的最大贡献者（47-100%）。我们比较了多次第一个晨尿和 24 小时混合尿液，发现 BPA、BPF、BPS 和 BPAP 的浓度没有显著差异。BPA 和 BPF 的浓度在一天中不同的采样时间存在显著差异。本研究结果表明，在几天内，在一天中的预定义时间窗口内，每个参与者收集多个样本，可以更可靠地估计双酚的内部暴露情况。
