Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 1;850:157873. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157873. Epub 2022 Aug 6.
Parabens, triclosan (TCS), bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates are typical endocrine disruptors (EDs) with short half-lives in the human body. The concentration levels of those EDs in a spot urine sample are frequently used in exposure assessment studies, and the reproducibility of urinary levels of these nonpersistent EDs should be considered. In the present study, we consecutively collected 45-day first morning void (FMV) urine samples, as well as daily questionnaires, in six recruited participants and measured the urinary concentrations of six parabens, TCS, nine bisphenols, five benzophenones, and ten phthalate metabolites by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MeP, EtP, PrP, TCS, BPA, BPS, BPF, and most phthalate metabolites were frequently detected (over 62 % of samples). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ED concentrations in FMV urine samples ranged from fair to excellent for MeP (0.683), EtP (0.702), BPA (0.505), BPS (0.908), BPF (0.887), BP-3 (0.712), mMP (0.661), mEP (0.523), mBP (0.500), miBP (0.724), mBzP (0.961) and all metabolites of DEHP (0.867-0.957), whereas they were low for PrP (0.321) and TCS (0.306). After creatinine adjustment, the values of ICCs for most target EDs were increased with mild to significant improvement. The stability of ED concentrations was affected by daily diet (MeP, TCS, BPA, mMP, miBP, mBP and mBzP), food containers (PrP and mECPP), use of personal care products (HMWP metabolites), pharmaceuticals (EtP) and recorded activities (BPS, mEHP, mBzP, mEHHP and mEOHP), as confirmed by a general linear mixed model. Furthermore, extending the FMV sampling period improved the probability of acceptable reproducibility (ICCs > 0.40) of MeP, EtP, BP-3 and mEP concentrations. For BPS, BPF and HMWP metabolite concentrations showed high probabilities (>80 %) of acceptable reproducibility in the last three days, and the increasing sample size slowly improved the ability to discriminate the subjects. The results were exactly the opposite for BPA concentrations.
对羟基苯甲酸酯、三氯生（TCS）、双酚类、二苯甲酮类和邻苯二甲酸酯类是具有短半衰期的典型内分泌干扰物（EDs）。在暴露评估研究中，通常使用单次尿液样本中这些 ED 的浓度来进行评估，应考虑这些非持久性 ED 尿液水平的可重复性。在本研究中，我们连续收集了 6 名参与者的 45 天第一次晨尿（FMV）尿液样本和每日问卷，并使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测量了 6 种对羟基苯甲酸酯、TCS、9 种双酚类、5 种二苯甲酮类和 10 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的尿液浓度。MeP、EtP、PrP、TCS、BPA、BPS、BPF 和大多数邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的检出率较高（超过 62%的样本）。FMV 尿液样本中 ED 浓度的组内相关系数（ICC）范围从 MeP（0.683）、EtP（0.702）、BPA（0.505）、BPS（0.908）、BPF（0.887）、BP-3（0.712）、mMP（0.661）、mEP（0.523）、mBP（0.500）、miBP（0.724）、mBzP（0.961）和所有 DEHP 代谢物（0.867-0.957）的良好到优秀，而 PrP（0.321）和 TCS（0.306）的 ICC 值较低。经肌酐校正后，大多数目标 ED 的 ICC 值有所增加，改善程度从轻到显著。ED 浓度的稳定性受每日饮食（MeP、TCS、BPA、mMP、miBP、mBP 和 mBzP）、食物容器（PrP 和 mECPP）、个人护理产品使用（HMWP 代谢物）、药物（EtP）和记录活动（BPS、mEHP、mBzP、mEHHP 和 mEOHP）的影响，这一点通过一般线性混合模型得到了证实。此外，延长 FMV 采样期可提高 MeP、EtP、BP-3 和 mEP 浓度可接受重复性（ICC > 0.40）的概率。对于 BPS、BPF 和 HMWP 代谢物浓度，在最后三天内具有较高的可接受重复性概率（>80%），而增加样本量可缓慢提高区分受试者的能力。而 BPA 浓度的结果则恰恰相反。
