Babu Prashanth, Baranwal Deepak Kumar, Pal Dharam, Bharti Hemlata, Joshi Priyanka, Thiyagarajan Brindha, Gaikwad Kiran B, Bhardwaj Subhash Chander, Singh Gyanendra Pratap, Singh Anupam
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India.
Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia.
Front Plant Sci. 2020 Sep 11;11:567147. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.567147. eCollection 2020.
Wheat is an important source of dietary protein and calories for the majority of the world's population. It is one of the largest grown cereal in the world occupying over 215 M ha. Wheat production globally is challenged by biotic stresses such as pests and diseases. Of the 50 diseases of wheat that are of economic importance, the three rust diseases are the most ubiquitous causing significant yield losses in the majority of wheat production environments. Under severe epidemics they can lead to food insecurity threats amid the continuous evolution of new races of the pathogens, shifts in population dynamics and their virulence patterns, thereby rendering several effective resistance genes deployed in wheat breeding programs vulnerable. This emphasizes the need to identify, characterize, and deploy effective rust-resistant genes from diverse sources into pre-breeding lines and future wheat varieties. The use of genetic resistance has been marked as eco-friendly and to curb the further evolution of rust pathogens. Deployment of multiple rust resistance genes including major and minor genes in wheat lines could enhance the durability of resistance thereby reducing pathogen evolution. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and associated bioinformatics tools have revolutionized wheat genomics. The sequence alignment of the wheat genome is the most important landmark which will enable genomics to identify marker-trait associations, candidate genes and enhanced breeding values in genomic selection (GS) studies. High throughput genotyping platforms have demonstrated their role in the estimation of genetic diversity, construction of the high-density genetic maps, dissecting polygenic traits, and better understanding their interactions through GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and QTL mapping, and isolation of R genes. Application of breeder's friendly KASP assays in the wheat breeding program has expedited the identification and pyramiding of rust resistance alleles/genes in elite lines. The present review covers the evolutionary trends of the rust pathogen and contemporary wheat varieties, and how these research strategies galvanized to control the wheat killer genus . It will also highlight the outcome and research impact of cost-effective NGS technologies and cloning of rust resistance genes amid the public availability of common and tetraploid wheat reference genomes.
小麦是世界上大多数人口膳食蛋白质和热量的重要来源。它是世界上种植面积最大的谷物之一，种植面积超过2.15亿公顷。全球小麦生产面临着病虫害等生物胁迫的挑战。在50种具有经济重要性的小麦病害中，三种锈病最为普遍，在大多数小麦生产环境中都会造成显著的产量损失。在严重流行的情况下，由于病原体新小种的不断进化、种群动态及其毒力模式的变化，它们可能导致粮食安全受到威胁，从而使小麦育种计划中部署的一些有效抗性基因变得脆弱。这凸显了从不同来源鉴定、表征和将有效的抗锈基因部署到育种前品系和未来小麦品种中的必要性。利用遗传抗性被认为是生态友好的，并且可以抑制锈病病原体的进一步进化。在小麦品系中部署包括主效基因和微效基因在内的多个抗锈基因可以增强抗性的持久性，从而减少病原体的进化。下一代测序（NGS）平台和相关生物信息学工具的进步彻底改变了小麦基因组学。小麦基因组的序列比对是最重要的里程碑，它将使基因组学能够在基因组选择（GS）研究中识别标记-性状关联、候选基因并提高育种价值。高通量基因分型平台已经证明了它们在估计遗传多样性、构建高密度遗传图谱、剖析多基因性状以及通过全基因组关联研究（GWAS）和数量性状位点（QTL）定位更好地理解它们之间的相互作用以及分离R基因方面的作用。育种友好型KASP分析在小麦育种计划中的应用加快了优良品系中抗锈等位基因/基因的鉴定和聚合。本综述涵盖了锈病病原体和当代小麦品种的进化趋势，以及这些研究策略如何被激发以控制小麦杀手属。它还将强调具有成本效益的NGS技术的成果和研究影响，以及在普通小麦和四倍体小麦参考基因组公开可用的情况下锈病抗性基因的克隆。
