Zienkiewicz Krzysztof, Zienkiewicz Agnieszka
Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
Front Plant Sci. 2020 Sep 9;11:579019. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579019. eCollection 2020.
In eukaryotic cells, lipids in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major reservoir of cellular carbon and energy. These TAGs are packed into specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). They can be found in most, if not all, types of cells, from bacteria to human. Recent data suggest that rather than being simple storage organelles, LDs are very dynamic structures at the center of cellular metabolism. This is also true in plants and algae, where LDs have been implicated in many processes including energy supply; membrane structure, function, trafficking; and signal transduction. Plant and algal LDs also play a vital role in human life, providing multiple sources of food and fuel. Thus, a lot of attention has been paid to metabolism and function of these organelles in recent years. This review summarizes the most recent advances on LDs degradation as a key process for TAGs release. While the initial knowledge on this process came from studies in oilseeds, the findings of the last decade revealed high complexity and specific mechanisms of LDs degradation in plants and algae. This includes identification of numerous novel proteins associated with LDs as well as a prominent role for autophagy in this process. This review outlines, systemizes, and discusses the most current data on LDs catabolism in plants and algae.
在真核细胞中，三酰甘油（TAGs）形式的脂质是细胞碳和能量的主要储存库。这些TAGs被包装到称为脂滴（LDs）的特殊细胞器中。从细菌到人类，在大多数（如果不是所有）类型的细胞中都能找到它们。最近的数据表明，脂滴并非简单的储存细胞器，而是细胞代谢核心处非常动态的结构。在植物和藻类中也是如此，脂滴参与了许多过程，包括能量供应、膜结构、功能、运输以及信号转导。植物和藻类的脂滴在人类生活中也起着至关重要的作用，提供多种食物和燃料来源。因此，近年来人们对这些细胞器的代谢和功能给予了很多关注。本综述总结了脂滴降解作为TAGs释放关键过程的最新进展。虽然关于这一过程的最初知识来自对油籽的研究，但过去十年的研究结果揭示了植物和藻类中脂滴降解的高度复杂性和特定机制。这包括鉴定出许多与脂滴相关的新蛋白质，以及自噬在这一过程中的重要作用。本综述概述、系统化并讨论了植物和藻类中脂滴分解代谢的最新数据。
