Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychotraumtology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.
Institute of Transcultural Health Science Cooperative State University Baden-Württemberg, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020 Nov-Dec;32(7-8):594-605. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1809356. Epub 2020 Oct 5.
So far, the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with trauma spectrum disorders has most commonly been based on a disease model in which the normal reaction to trauma results in negative emotions, cognitions and behaviour which, in turn, cause a pathological state of mind or disorder. Here, trauma is associated with distress. This model focuses on identification, classification and treatment of the pathological and maladaptive modulations of the stress response that lead to psychological and social suffering and disability. In contrast to that, recent models in the Psychotherapy of the sequels of extreme life experiences, such as Positive Psychotherapy, have rather focussed on the building of competence, resilience and posttraumatic growth. In this article we summarise our experience in treating Yazidi women for their complex psychological traumata resulting from their experience of ISIS terror. We will use a short summary of published secondary data and reviews and use case examples from our work as primary data to discuss possible individual and collective resources that can help them to recover and to maintain a positive perspective on their person and the world, in spite of their terrible traumatic experiences. Original models of Positive Psychology already paid considerable attention to strength and resilience. The new approach of 'second wave' Positive Psychology expands on this, suggesting that negative emotions as well cultural factors must also be integrated. This approach appears to be particularly helpful in the treatment of this group of Yazidi women. Likewise, it seems to be promising when treating similar groups of people who survived extreme terror and were continuously exposed to genocidal environments.
迄今为止，创伤谱系障碍患者的心理治疗最常基于疾病模型，其中对创伤的正常反应会导致负面情绪、认知和行为，进而导致心理或障碍的病态。在这里，创伤与痛苦有关。该模型侧重于识别、分类和治疗导致心理和社会痛苦和残疾的应激反应的病理性和适应不良调节。与此相反，最近极端生活经历的心理治疗中的后继模型，如积极心理治疗，更多地关注于能力、韧性和创伤后成长的建立。在本文中，我们总结了我们治疗雅兹迪妇女因经历伊斯兰国恐怖而导致的复杂心理创伤的经验。我们将使用已发表的次要数据和评论的简短摘要，并使用我们工作中的案例示例作为主要数据，讨论可能有助于她们康复并保持对个人和世界的积极看法的个人和集体资源，尽管她们经历了可怕的创伤。积极心理学的原始模型已经相当关注优势和韧性。“第二波”积极心理学的新方法在此基础上进行了扩展，表明必须整合负面情绪和文化因素。这种方法似乎对这群雅兹迪妇女的治疗特别有帮助。同样，当治疗经历过极端恐怖并持续暴露于种族灭绝环境的类似人群时，这种方法似乎也很有前途。
