Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology, University of Duhok, Zakho Street, Duhok 1006AJ, Iraq.
Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Medical Centre, Kirrberger Straße 100, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 22;19(1):81. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010081.
Thus far, most researchers on genocide and transgenerational transmissions have focused on the National Socialist Holocaust as the most abhorrent example of this severe human rights violation. Few data have been published on other ethnic or religious groups affected by genocidal actions in this context.
Using a mixed-method approach integrating qualitative interviews with standardized instruments (SCID and PDS), this study examines how individual and collective trauma have been handed down across three generations in an Alevi Kurd community whose members (have) suffered genocidal perpetrations over a longer time period (a "genocidal environment"). Qualitative, open-ended interviews with members of three generations answering questions yielded information on (a) how their lives are shaped by the genocidal experiences from the previous generation and related victim experiences, (b) how the genocidal events were communicated in family narratives, and (c) coping strategies used. The first generation is the generation which directly suffered the genocidal actions. The second generation consists of children of those parents who survived the genocidal actions. Together with their family (children, partner, relatives), this generation suffered forced displacement. Members of the third generation were born in the diaspora where they also grew up.
Participants reported traumatic memories, presented in examples in this publication. The most severe traumatic memories included the Dersim massacre in 1937-1938 in Turkey, with 70,000-80,000 victims killed, and the enforced resettlement in western Turkey. A content analysis revealed that the transgenerational transmission of trauma continued across three generations. SCID and PDS data indicated high rates of distress in all generations.
Genocidal environments such as that of the Kurdish Alevis lead to transgenerational transmission mediated by complex factors.
迄今为止，大多数关于种族灭绝和代际传递的研究人员都将纳粹大屠杀作为这种严重侵犯人权行为的最可恶例子。在这方面，关于其他受种族灭绝行为影响的种族或宗教群体的数据很少。
本研究采用混合方法，将定性访谈与标准化工具（SCID 和 PDS）相结合，研究了一个在更长时间内遭受种族灭绝行为的库尔德阿列维社区如何在三代人之间传递个体和集体创伤。对三代人回答问题的成员进行定性、开放式访谈，提供了以下信息：(a) 他们的生活如何受到前一代的种族灭绝经历和相关受害者经历的影响；(b) 种族灭绝事件如何在家庭叙述中传递；(c) 使用的应对策略。第一代是直接遭受种族灭绝行为的一代。第二代由那些在种族灭绝行为中幸存下来的父母的孩子组成。这一代人与他们的家人（孩子、伴侣、亲戚）一起遭受了被迫流离失所。第三代成员出生在他们长大的侨民社区。
参与者报告了创伤记忆，在本出版物的示例中呈现。最严重的创伤性记忆包括 1937-1938 年在土耳其发生的德西姆大屠杀，有 7 万至 8 万人遇害，以及在土耳其西部的强制安置。内容分析显示，创伤的代际传递在三代人之间持续。SCID 和 PDS 数据显示，所有代际的痛苦率都很高。
像库尔德阿列维这样的种族灭绝环境会导致通过复杂因素介导的代际传递。
