Nguyen Tam T, Kilaru Prasad
Washington Township Medical Foundation, 2500 Mowry Ave #255, Fremont, CA 94538.
Washington Hospital Healthcare System, 2000 Mowry Ave, Fremont, CA 94538.
FP Essent. 2020 Oct;497:18-22.
Facial plastic surgery deals with improving the form, function, and appearance of the face. Blepharoplasty (ie, eyelid surgery) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in men and women 65 years and older. It has been shown to be effective for improving attractiveness and eyelid function (eg, improved visual field). Indications for upper and lower eyelid surgery include aesthetic concerns, ptosis, and peripheral field vision impairment. Facelift procedures resuspend, reposition, and release underlying facial structures and excise excess skin to improve the appearance of the face. Facelifts mainly involve manipulation of the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), a group of muscles in the lateral face. Types of facelifts include subcutaneous facelift with SMAS manipulation to allow for facial shaping of the deep soft tissue. Such manipulation can include SMAS-ectomy, SMAS plication, and SMAS flap creation. Deep plane facelift involves the SMAS and release of the facial and cervical retaining ligaments. Hematoma is a common serious complication of facelifts. Less common complications include skin flap necrosis, nerve damage, and scarring. Rhinoplasty is another commonly performed facial surgery. The two main forms are open rhinoplasty and closed rhinoplasty.
面部整形手术致力于改善面部的形态、功能和外观。睑成形术（即眼睑手术）是65岁及以上男性和女性中最常施行的外科手术。已证明其在改善美观和眼睑功能（如扩大视野）方面是有效的。上睑和下睑手术的适应症包括美学问题、上睑下垂和周边视野受损。面部提升手术可重新悬吊、重新定位并松解面部深层结构，切除多余皮肤以改善面部外观。面部提升主要涉及对面部表浅肌肉腱膜系统（SMAS）的操作，这是一组位于面部外侧的肌肉。面部提升的类型包括通过操作SMAS进行皮下面部提升，以实现深层软组织的面部塑形。这种操作可包括SMAS切除术、SMAS折叠术和SMAS皮瓣制作。深层平面面部提升涉及SMAS以及面部和颈部固定韧带的松解。血肿是面部提升常见的严重并发症。较不常见的并发症包括皮瓣坏死、神经损伤和瘢痕形成。隆鼻术是另一项常见的面部手术。主要有两种形式，即开放式隆鼻术和封闭式隆鼻术。
