Rasmussen Erin B, Newland M Christopher, Hemmelman Ethan
Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8112 USA.
Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA.
Perspect Behav Sci. 2020 Aug 10;43(3):617-654. doi: 10.1007/s40614-020-00259-7. eCollection 2020 Sep.
The term "psychological well-being" is used in reference to husbandry with animals in human care settings such as research, agriculture, and zoos. This article seeks to clarify and conceptualize the term based upon two approaches that draw from several bodies of literature: the experimental analysis of behavior, experimental psychology, animal welfare and husbandry, farm animal behavior, zoo husbandry, and ethology. One approach focuses on the presence of problem behavior such as stereotypies, depressive-like behavior, and aggression, and emphasizes the conditions under which aberrant behavior in animals under human care occurs. The second approach examines what might be considered wellness by emphasizing opportunities to engage with its environment, or the absence of such opportunities, even if problematic behavior is not exhibited. Here, access to an interactive environment is relatively limited so opportunities for operant (voluntary) behavior could be considered. Designing for operant behavior provides opportunities for variability in both behavior and outcomes. Operant behavior also provides control over the environment, a characteristic that has been a core assumption of well-being. The importance of interactions with one's environment is especially evident in observations that animals prefer opportunities to work for items necessary for sustenance, such as food, over having them delivered freely. These considerations raise the importance of operant behavior to psychological well-being, especially as benefits to animals under human care.
“心理幸福感”一词用于指在人类照料环境（如研究、农业和动物园）中对动物的饲养管理。本文旨在基于从多个文献领域借鉴的两种方法，对该术语进行阐释并形成概念：行为实验分析、实验心理学、动物福利与饲养管理、农场动物行为学、动物园饲养管理以及动物行为学。一种方法聚焦于问题行为的存在，如刻板行为、类抑郁行为和攻击行为，并强调在人类照料下动物出现异常行为的条件。第二种方法通过强调与环境互动的机会，或者即便未表现出问题行为但缺乏此类机会的情况，来审视可被视为幸福感的因素。在此，进入互动环境的机会相对有限，因此可以考虑操作性（自愿）行为的机会。为操作性行为进行设计为行为和结果的多样性提供了机会。操作性行为还能实现对环境的控制，这一特性一直是幸福感的核心假设。动物更喜欢通过努力获取维持生存所需物品（如食物）的机会而非免费获得这些物品，这一观察结果尤其凸显了与环境互动的重要性。这些考量提升了操作性行为对心理幸福感的重要性，特别是对于人类照料下的动物所带来的益处。
