Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, Jordan.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan.
Curr Med Imaging. 2021;17(4):491-506. doi: 10.2174/1573405616666201007160243.
Nature had already engineered various types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially viruses, which can deliver their cargo to the host/targeted cells. The ability to selectively target specific cells offers a significant advantage over the conventional approach. Numerous organic NPs, including native protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes, have been used for the preparation of nanoparticles. Such nanomaterials have demonstrated better performance as well as improved biocompatibility, devoid of side effects, and stable without any deterioration.
This review discusses current clinical and scientific research on naturally occurring nanomaterials. It also illustrates and updates the tailor-made approaches for selective delivery and targeted medications that require a high-affinity interconnection to the targeted cells.
A comprehensive search was performed using keywords for viral nanoparticles, viral particles for drug delivery, viral nanoparticles for molecular imaging, theranostics applications of viral nanoparticles and plant viruses in nanomedicine. We searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Medline, and Elsevier from 2000 till date and by the bibliographic review of all identified articles.
The findings demonstrated that structures dependent on nanomaterials might have potential applications in diagnostics, cell marking, comparing agents (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and antimicrobial drugs, as well as drug delivery structures. However, measures should be taken in order to prevent or mitigate, in pharmaceutical or medical applications, the toxic impact or incompatibility of nanoparticle-based structures with biological systems.
The review provided an overview of the latest advances in nanotechnology, outlining the difficulties and the advantages of in vivo and in vitro structures that are focused on a specific subset of the natural nanomaterials.
自然界已经设计出了各种类型的纳米颗粒（NPs），特别是病毒，它们可以将其货物递送到宿主/靶向细胞。与传统方法相比，选择性靶向特定细胞的能力具有显著优势。许多有机 NPs，包括天然蛋白笼、类病毒颗粒、聚合糖和脂质体，已被用于制备纳米颗粒。这些纳米材料具有更好的性能和改善的生物相容性，没有副作用，并且稳定，没有任何恶化。
本综述讨论了天然存在的纳米材料的当前临床和科学研究。它还说明了和更新了定制的方法，用于选择性递药和靶向治疗，需要与靶向细胞的高亲和力连接。
使用病毒纳米颗粒、药物递送用病毒颗粒、分子成像用病毒纳米颗粒、病毒纳米颗粒的治疗学应用和植物病毒在纳米医学中的关键词，全面搜索了 Google Scholar、PubMed、Springer、Medline 和 Elsevier 从 2000 年到现在，并通过对所有已识别文章的文献综述进行搜索。
研究结果表明，依赖于纳米材料的结构可能在诊断、细胞标记、对比剂（计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像）和抗菌药物以及药物递送结构方面具有潜在应用。然而，在制药或医学应用中，应该采取措施以防止或减轻基于纳米颗粒的结构与生物系统之间的毒性影响或不兼容性。
本综述概述了纳米技术的最新进展，概述了专注于天然纳米材料特定子集的体内和体外结构的困难和优势。
