University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 Mar;37(3):835-846. doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-02053-7. Epub 2020 Oct 13.
This study aimed to determine standard left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) measurements in swine. Additionally, global myocardial work index (GWI) was estimated using pressure-strain loops (PSL). A comprehensive TEE examination was conducted in ten anesthetized, intubated and mechanically ventilated healthy female German landrace swine, weighing 44 to 57 kg. For GWI calculation, we performed LV and RV segmental strain analysis and used invasively measured LV and RV pressure to obtain PSL. The GWI and further myocardial work indices were calculated from the area of the PSL using commercially available software. Furthermore, hemodynamic measurements were obtained using indwelling catheters. We obtained complete standardized baseline values for left and right ventricular dimensions and function. Biplane LV ejection fraction was 63 ± 7 % and the LV end-diastolic volume was 70.5 ± 5.9 ml. Tissue Doppler estimated peak tricuspid annular systolic velocity was 13.1 ± 1.8 cm/s. The Doppler estimated LV and RV stroke volume index were 75.6 ± 7.2 ml/m and 76.7 ± 7.8 ml/m respectively. Pulsed wave Doppler derived cardiac output correlated well with cardiac output estimated using the thermodilution method (7.0 ± 1.2 l/min vs. 7.0 ± 1.1 l/min, r = 0.812, p = 0.004). The LV global longitudinal strain was -21.3 ± 3.9 % and the RV global longitudinal strain was -15.4 ± 2.5 %. LV GWI was 1885(1281-2121) mmHg*% and 297 ± 62 mmHg*% for the RV. LV global myocardial work efficiency was 82.6 ± 4 % and 83(72-88) % for the RV. TEE offers sufficient morphological, functional and hemodynamic assessment of the heart in swine. Myocardial contractility and mechanics can be reliably evaluated with the non-invasive GWI derived from echocardiography without additional invasive measures.
本研究旨在确定猪的标准左心室(LV)和右心室(RV)经食管超声心动图(TEE)测量值。此外,使用压力-应变环(PSL)估计整体心肌做功指数(GWI)。在 10 只麻醉、插管和机械通气的健康雌性德国长白猪中进行了全面的 TEE 检查,体重为 44 至 57 公斤。为了计算 GWI,我们进行了 LV 和 RV 节段应变分析,并使用侵入性测量的 LV 和 RV 压力获得 PSL。使用商业软件从 PSL 的面积计算 GWI 和进一步的心肌做功指数。此外,还使用留置导管获得血流动力学测量值。我们获得了完整的左心室和右心室尺寸和功能的标准化基线值。双平面 LV 射血分数为 63±7%,LV 舒张末期容积为 70.5±5.9ml。组织多普勒估计三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度为 13.1±1.8cm/s。多普勒估计的 LV 和 RV 每搏量指数分别为 75.6±7.2ml/m 和 76.7±7.8ml/m。脉冲波多普勒衍生的心输出量与使用热稀释法估计的心输出量相关性良好(7.0±1.2L/min 与 7.0±1.1L/min,r=0.812,p=0.004)。LV 整体纵向应变值为-21.3±3.9%,RV 整体纵向应变值为-15.4±2.5%。LV GWI 为 1885(1281-2121)mmHg*%,RV 为 297±62mmHg*%。LV 整体心肌工作效率为 82.6±4%,RV 为 83(72-88)%。TEE 可充分评估猪的心脏形态、功能和血流动力学。可以使用源自超声心动图的非侵入性 GWI 可靠地评估心肌收缩力和力学特性,而无需额外的侵入性措施。