O'Neill Eric J, Hartogh Danja J Den, Azizi Karim, Tsiani Evangelia
Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada;
Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Oct 8;9(10):961. doi: 10.3390/antiox9100961.
Cancer is characterized by unrestricted cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, enhanced invasion and migration, and deregulation of signalling cascades. These properties lead to uncontrolled growth, enhanced survival, and the formation of tumours. Carnosol, a naturally occurring phyto-polyphenol (diterpene) found in rosemary, has been studied for its extensive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In cancer cells, carnosol has been demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation and survival, reduce migration and invasion, and significantly enhance apoptosis. These anticancer effects of carnosol are mediated by the inhibition of several signalling molecules including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, c-Jun -terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, carnosol prevents the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and promotes apoptosis, as indicated by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, increased levels of the pro-apoptotic marker Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), and reduced levels of the anti-apoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo evidence examining the anticancer effects of carnosol across various tissues.
癌症的特征是细胞不受限制地增殖、细胞凋亡受到抑制、侵袭和迁移增强以及信号级联失调。这些特性导致细胞不受控制地生长、存活率提高以及肿瘤形成。鼠尾草酸是一种存在于迷迭香中的天然植物多酚（二萜），其广泛的抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌作用已得到研究。在癌细胞中，已证明鼠尾草酸可抑制细胞增殖和存活，减少迁移和侵袭，并显著增强细胞凋亡。鼠尾草酸的这些抗癌作用是通过抑制多种信号分子介导的，包括细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）、p38、c-Jun末端激酶（JNK）、Akt、雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）和环氧合酶-2（COX-2）。此外，鼠尾草酸可阻止活化B细胞核因子κB（NF-κB）的核转位并促进细胞凋亡，这表现为裂解的半胱天冬酶-3、-8、-9水平升高，促凋亡标志物Bcl-2相关X蛋白（BAX）水平升高，以及抗凋亡标志物B细胞淋巴瘤2（Bcl-2）水平降低。本综述总结了目前关于鼠尾草酸在各种组织中的抗癌作用的体外和体内证据。
