United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996-0845, USA.
Parasitology. 2021 Jan;148(1):1-30. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020001961. Epub 2020 Oct 19.
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Wild and domestic avian species are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii infections because felids prey on them and excrete millions of oocysts in the environment, disseminating the infection. Herbivorous birds are also excellent sentinels of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed on the ground. Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds of prey reflect infections in intermediate hosts. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked avian tissues. Here, the authors reviewed prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology and genetic diversity of T. gondii strains isolated from turkeys, geese, ducks, ratites and avian species (excluding chickens) worldwide 2009-2020. Genetic diversity of 102 T. gondii DNA samples isolated worldwide is discussed. The role of migratory birds in dissemination of T. gondii infection is discussed.
刚地弓形虫感染在全球范围内的人类和动物中很常见。野生和家养禽类在刚地弓形虫感染的流行病学中很重要，因为猫科动物捕食它们，并在环境中排泄出数以百万计的卵囊，传播感染。食草鸟类也是刚地弓形虫卵囊环境污染的优秀哨兵，因为它们在地面上觅食。猛禽中的刚地弓形虫感染反映了中间宿主的感染。人类可能因食用未煮熟的禽类组织而感染。在这里，作者综述了 2009 年至 2020 年期间从火鸡、鹅、鸭、平胸目鸟类和除鸡以外的禽类（excluding chickens）中分离出的刚地弓形虫株的流行率、感染持续时间、临床疾病、流行病学和遗传多样性。讨论了全球分离的 102 个刚地弓形虫 DNA 样本的遗传多样性。还讨论了候鸟在传播刚地弓形虫感染中的作用。
