Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 18;11:2123. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02123. eCollection 2020.
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) in the perivascular space, leptomeninges, dura mater, and choroid plexus. Recent advances in understanding the CNS resident immune cells gave new insights into development, maturation and function of its immune guard. Microglia and CAMs undergo essential steps of differentiation and maturation triggered by environmental factors as well as intrinsic transcriptional programs throughout embryonic and postnatal development. These shaping steps allow the macrophages to adapt to their specific physiological function as first line of defense of the CNS and its interfaces. During infancy, the CNS might be targeted by a plethora of different pathogens which can cause severe tissue damage with potentially long reaching defects. Therefore, an efficient immune response of infant CNS macrophages is required even at these early stages to clear the infections but may also lead to detrimental consequences for the developing CNS. Here, we highlight the recent knowledge of the infant CNS immune system during embryonic and postnatal infections and the consequences for the developing CNS.
中枢神经系统（CNS）拥有自己的免疫系统，由实质中的小胶质细胞和血管周围空间、软脑膜、硬脑膜和脉络丛中的中枢神经系统相关巨噬细胞（CAMs）组成。对中枢神经系统驻留免疫细胞的理解的最新进展为其免疫防御的发育、成熟和功能提供了新的见解。小胶质细胞和 CAMs 通过环境因素以及胚胎期和出生后发育过程中的内在转录程序经历分化和成熟的必要步骤。这些塑造步骤使巨噬细胞能够适应其作为 CNS 及其界面第一线防御的特定生理功能。在婴儿期，CNS 可能会受到多种不同病原体的攻击，这些病原体可能会导致严重的组织损伤，并可能产生长期的缺陷。因此，即使在这些早期阶段，婴儿 CNS 巨噬细胞也需要有效的免疫反应来清除感染，但也可能对发育中的 CNS 产生不利影响。在这里，我们强调了胚胎期和出生后感染期间婴儿 CNS 免疫系统的最新知识及其对发育中 CNS 的影响。
