Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Brain Pathol. 2020 Nov;30(6):1159-1177. doi: 10.1111/bpa.12908. Epub 2020 Nov 5.
The innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) is mainly represented by specialized tissue-resident macrophages, called microglia. In the past years, various species-, host- and tissue-specific as well as environmental factors were recognized that essentially affect microglial properties and functions in the healthy and diseased brain. Host microbiota are mostly residing in the gut and contribute to microglial activation states, for example, via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Thereby, the gut microorganisms are deemed to influence numerous CNS diseases mediated by microglia. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the interaction between the host microbiota and the CNS in health and disease, where we specifically highlight the resident gut microbiota as a crucial environmental factor for microglial function as what we coin "the microbiota-microglia axis."
中枢神经系统（CNS）中的先天免疫系统主要由称为小胶质细胞的专门组织驻留巨噬细胞组成。在过去的几年中，人们认识到各种物种、宿主和组织特异性以及环境因素，这些因素从本质上影响了健康和患病大脑中小胶质细胞的特性和功能。宿主微生物群主要存在于肠道中，并有助于小胶质细胞的激活状态，例如通过短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）或芳香烃受体（AhR）配体。因此，肠道微生物被认为会影响许多由小胶质细胞介导的中枢神经系统疾病。在这篇综述中，我们总结了宿主微生物群与健康和疾病中的中枢神经系统之间相互作用的最新发现，其中我们特别强调了常驻肠道微生物群作为小胶质细胞功能的关键环境因素，我们称之为“微生物群-小胶质细胞轴”。
