Department of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 19;17(20):7603. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207603.
Athlete self-report measures (ASRM) are methods of athlete monitoring, which have gained considerable popularity in recent years. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS), consisting of 22 items, is a promising self-report measure to assess training distress among athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian version of MTDS (MTDS-N) among student-athletes ( = 632) attending the optional program subject "Top-Level Sports" in upper secondary schools in Norway.
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model proposed by Main and Grove (2009). McDonald's omega (ω) along with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate scale reliability. After examining the fit of the CFA model in the total sample, covariates were included to investigate group differences in latent variables of MTDS-N, resulting in the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. Further, direct paths between the covariates and the factor indicators were included in an extended MIMIC model to investigate whether responses to items differed between groups, resulting in differential item functioning (DIF).
When modification indices (MIs) were taken into consideration, the alternative CFA model revealed that MTDS-N is an acceptable psychometric tool with a good fit index. The factors in MTDS-N all constituted high scale reliability with McDonald's ranging from 0.725-0.862. The results indicated statistically significant group differences in factor scores for gender, type of sport, hours of training per week, school program, and school level. Further, results showed that DIF occurred in 13 of the MTDS-N items. The student-athletes' reports of training distress were moderate.
The MTDS-N may be suitable for use in a Norwegian population to assess student-athletes' training distress in a reliable manner. The indications of group effects suggest that caution should be used if one is interested in making group comparisons when the MTDS-N is used among student-athletes in Norway until further research is conducted.
运动员自我报告测量（ASRM）是运动员监测的方法，近年来得到了广泛的关注。由 22 个项目组成的多因素训练压力量表（MTDS）是一种很有前途的自我报告测量方法，可用于评估运动员的训练压力。本研究旨在调查挪威版 MTDS（MTDS-N）在参加挪威高中“高水平体育”选修课程的学生运动员（n=632）中的因子有效性。
采用验证性因子分析（CFA）评估 Main 和 Grove（2009）提出的六因素模型。使用 McDonald 的 ω（ω）和置信区间（CI）来评估量表的可靠性。在检查了总样本中 CFA 模型的拟合度后，纳入协变量来调查 MTDS-N 潜在变量的组间差异，从而产生多指标多原因（MIMIC）模型。此外，在扩展的 MIMIC 模型中纳入协变量和因子指标之间的直接路径，以调查组间项目反应是否存在差异，从而产生差异项目功能（DIF）。
当考虑修正指标（MI）时，替代的 CFA 模型表明，MTDS-N 是一种具有良好拟合指数的可靠心理计量工具。MTDS-N 的所有因子构成了较高的量表可靠性，McDonald's ω 范围为 0.725-0.862。结果表明，性别、运动类型、每周训练时间、学校项目和学校水平等因素的因子得分存在统计学上的显著组间差异。此外，结果表明，MTDS-N 的 13 个项目存在差异项目功能。学生运动员的训练压力报告为中度。
MTDS-N 可用于评估挪威人群中学生运动员的训练压力，可靠性较高。群体效应的迹象表明，在挪威的学生运动员中使用 MTDS-N 进行组间比较时，如果有兴趣进行组间比较，应谨慎使用，直到进一步研究。
