Zamora J C, Ekman S
Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
Persoonia. 2020 Jun;44:161-205. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.07. Epub 2020 Apr 24.
We present a multilocus phylogeny of the class , based on data from the 18S, ITS, 28S, , , , 12S, and DNA regions, with c. 90 species including the types of most currently accepted genera. A variety of methodological approaches was used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the , from a supermatrix strategy using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference on a concatenated dataset, to coalescence-based calculations, such as quartet-based summary methods of independent single-locus trees, and Bayesian integration of single-locus trees into a species tree under the multispecies coalescent. We evaluate for the first time the taxonomic usefulness of some cytological phenotypic characters, i.e., vacuolar contents (vacuolar bodies and lipid bodies), number of nuclei of recently discharged basidiospores, and pigments, with especial emphasis on carotenoids. These characters, along with several others traditionally used for the taxonomy of this group (basidium shape, presence and morphology of clamp connections, morphology of the terminal cells of cortical/marginal hyphae, presence and degree of ramification of the hyphidia), are mapped on the resulting phylogenies and their evolution through the class discussed. Our analyses reveal five lineages that putatively represent five different families, four of which are accepted and named. Three out of these four lineages correspond to previously circumscribed and published families (, , and ), and one is proposed as the new family . Provisionally, only a single order, , is accepted within the class. Furthermore, the systematics of the two smallest families, and , are investigated to the species level, using coalescence-based species delimitation on multilocus DNA data, and a detailed morphological study including morphometric analyses of the basidiospores. Three species are accepted in , the type, , the newly combined (basionym ), and a new species named . Two species are accepted in , the new , and the type, , the latter treated in a broad sense pending improved sampling across the Holarctic.
我们基于18S、ITS、28S、……、……、……、12S和……DNA区域的数据，呈现了该类群的多位点系统发育树，涵盖约90个物种，包括当前大多数被认可属的模式种。我们运用了多种方法来推断该类群之间的系统发育关系，从对串联数据集使用最大似然法和贝叶斯推断的超级矩阵策略，到基于合并的计算方法，如基于四重奏的独立单基因座树的总结方法，以及在多物种合并模型下将单基因座树进行贝叶斯整合为物种树。我们首次评估了一些细胞学表型特征在分类学上的实用性，即液泡内容物（液泡体和脂质体）、刚释放的担孢子的核数以及色素，尤其着重于类胡萝卜素。这些特征，连同其他一些传统上用于该类群分类的特征（担子形状、锁状联合的有无及形态、皮层/边缘菌丝末端细胞的形态、菌丝侧枝的有无及分支程度），被映射到所得的系统发育树上，并讨论了它们在该类群中的演化。我们的分析揭示了五个谱系，推测代表五个不同的科，其中四个被认可并命名。这四个谱系中的三个对应于先前界定和发表的科（……、……和……），另一个被提议为新科……。暂时，该类群中仅认可一个目，即……。此外，我们利用基于合并的多位点DNA数据物种界定方法，以及包括担孢子形态计量分析在内的详细形态学研究，对两个最小的科……和……的系统分类进行了物种水平的研究。……科认可三个物种，即模式种……、新组合的……（基原异名……）和一个新物种……。……科认可两个物种，即新物种……和模式种……，后者在广义上处理，以待在全北区进行改进采样。
