Madani Mansure, Ghasemzadeh Nazafarin, Dizani Ali, Gharamaleki Ahad Faramarz, Larijani Bagher
PhD Candidate in Medical Ethics, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhD Candidate in Medical Ethics, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Researcher, Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2020 Aug 25;13:8. doi: 10.18502/jmehm.v13i8.4075. eCollection 2020.
Social and professional behaviors are driven by extrinsic as well as intrinsic factors including executive rules and regulations enacted by extrinsic agents through coercion, police force and penalties. Despite their effectiveness, these mechanisms undermine the fact that ethics is an intrinsic human quality. The present study seeks strategies to apply extrinsic coercion as an incentive to direct ethics as an intrinsic value. Ethical behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations are more permanent and less costly. Legal force can either strengthen or weaken intrinsic requirements. Extrinsic conditions such as considering the interests, attitudes and preferences of others, involving people in the regulation and execution of law, justification of law, avoiding excessive punishment or rewards, and indirect support of ethics by establishing the appropriate social context can help boost intrinsic requirements in individuals. Ethics will not be practically established unless we harness individuals' 'willingness to act' as an essential determinant for ethical behavior. This requires adoption of a more psychological approach to ethics. If this aspect of ethical behavior is considered in regulations and executive processes, extrinsic forces can strengthen intrinsic requirements and spread ethics.
社会和职业行为受到外在因素以及内在因素的驱动，外在因素包括外在主体通过强制手段、警力和处罚制定的行政规章制度。尽管这些机制有效，但它们破坏了伦理道德是人类内在品质这一事实。本研究旨在探寻策略，将外在强制作为一种激励手段，引导伦理道德成为一种内在价值。由内在动机驱动的道德行为更持久且成本更低。法律强制力既可能强化也可能削弱内在要求。外在条件，如考虑他人的利益、态度和偏好，让人们参与法律的制定和执行，法律的正当性，避免过度惩罚或奖励，以及通过营造适当的社会环境间接支持伦理道德，有助于提升个体的内在要求。除非我们将个人的“行动意愿”作为道德行为的关键决定因素加以利用，否则伦理道德在实际中无法确立。这需要采用一种更具心理学视角的伦理道德研究方法。如果在规章制度和执行过程中考虑到道德行为的这一方面，外在力量就能强化内在要求并传播伦理道德。
