Department of Psychiatry, Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA.
Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.
Psychol Med. 2022 Jul;52(10):1801-1816. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722001611. Epub 2022 Jul 7.
Motivational processes underlie behaviors that enrich the human experience, and impairments in motivation are commonly observed in psychiatric illness. While motivated behavior is often examined with respect to extrinsic reinforcers, not all actions are driven by reactions to external stimuli; some are driven by 'intrinsic' motivation. Intrinsically motivated behaviors are computationally similar to extrinsically motivated behaviors, in that they strive to maximize reward value and minimize punishment. However, our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie intrinsically motivated behavior remains limited. Dysfunction in intrinsic motivation represents an important trans-diagnostic facet of psychiatric symptomology, but due to a lack of clear consensus, the contribution of intrinsic motivation to psychopathology remains poorly understood. This review aims to provide an overview of the conceptualization, measurement, and neurobiology of intrinsic motivation, providing a framework for understanding its potential contributions to psychopathology and its treatment. Distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are discussed, including divergence in the types of associated rewards or outcomes that drive behavioral action and choice. A useful framework for understanding intrinsic motivation, and thus separating it from extrinsic motivation, is developed and suggestions for optimization of paradigms to measure intrinsic motivation are proposed.
动机过程是人类经验丰富的基础，动机障碍在精神疾病中很常见。虽然动机行为通常是根据外在的强化物来进行研究的，但并非所有行为都是由对外界刺激的反应驱动的；有些行为是由“内在”动机驱动的。内在动机行为在计算上与外在动机行为相似，因为它们都努力最大化奖励价值，最小化惩罚。然而，我们对内在动机行为背后的神经认知机制的理解仍然有限。内在动机功能障碍是精神症状学的一个重要跨诊断方面，但由于缺乏明确的共识，内在动机对精神病理学的贡献仍不清楚。本综述旨在概述内在动机的概念化、测量和神经生物学，为理解其对精神病理学的潜在贡献及其治疗提供一个框架。本文讨论了内在动机和外在动机之间的区别，包括驱动行为和选择的相关奖励或结果类型的差异。本文还提出了一个理解内在动机的有用框架，从而将其与外在动机区分开来，并提出了优化测量内在动机的范式的建议。
