Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021 May 5;45(3). doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa057.
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses causing disease in a wide range of animals, and humans. Since 2002, the successive emergence of bat-borne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 has reinforced efforts in uncovering the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms governing coronavirus cell tropism and interspecies transmission. Decades of studies have led to the discovery of a broad set of carbohydrate and protein receptors for many animal and human coronaviruses. As the main determinant of coronavirus entry, the spike protein binds to these receptors and mediates membrane fusion. Prone to mutations and recombination, spike evolution has been studied extensively. The interactions between spike proteins and their receptors are often complex and despite many advances in the field, there remains many unresolved questions concerning coronavirus tropism modification and cross-species transmission, potentially leading to delays in outbreak responses. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the need to address these outstanding issues in order to better anticipate new outbreaks. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the field of coronavirus receptors emphasizing on the molecular and evolutionary processes that underlie coronavirus receptor usage and host range expansion.
冠状病毒是一组能够感染多种动物和人类的病毒。自 2002 年以来，相继出现了蝙蝠源性严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）、猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（SADS-CoV）和 SARS-CoV-2，这促使人们更加努力地揭示了控制冠状病毒细胞嗜性和种间传播的分子和进化机制。数十年的研究发现了许多动物和人类冠状病毒的广泛的碳水化合物和蛋白质受体。作为冠状病毒进入的主要决定因素，刺突蛋白与这些受体结合并介导膜融合。刺突进化容易发生突变和重组，因此得到了广泛的研究。刺突蛋白与其受体之间的相互作用通常很复杂，尽管该领域取得了许多进展，但仍有许多悬而未决的问题涉及冠状病毒嗜性改变和种间传播，这可能导致疫情应对延迟。SARS-CoV-2 的出现突显了需要解决这些未解决的问题，以便更好地预测新的爆发。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了冠状病毒受体领域的最新进展，强调了冠状病毒受体利用和宿主范围扩展的分子和进化过程。
