Institute for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Box 514, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
, Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020 Oct 30;16(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13002-020-00410-3.
Fishing is probably one of the oldest economic activities in the history of humankind. Lakes, rivers and streams in Europe are important elements in the European landscape with a rich diversity of fish and other aquatic organisms. Artisanal fisheries have therefore been of great importance for the provision of food, but also animal feed, medicine, fertilizer and other needs. These fishermen had a deep knowledge about the waterscape and its biota. However, ethnoichthyology remains a small topic within contemporary ethnobiology in Europe. Our focus lies within northern Europe in the late medieval to modern period, but encompasses the wider area with some reference to earlier periods where informative.
We have reviewed a large amount of literature mainly on the relationship between man and fish in freshwaters from late medieval times (defined here as the fifteenth century) until the early twenty-first century. The main focus is on freshwater (including anadromous and catadromous) fish in northern Europe, the main area of study for both authors, though examples have been included from elsewhere to indicate the widespread importance of these fisheries. The review includes studies from various fields such as archaeology, ethnography, fish biology, geography, linguistics and osteology to map what has been studied of interest in ethnoichthyology. These data have been analysed and critically reviewed.
There are archaeozoological studies, studies of specialised fishers as well as artisanal fishing among the peasantry, research of folk taxonomies, fishing methods (including the use of poison) and gear, which are all of great interest for ethnoichthyology. There is also research on traditional preserving methods for fish as food and for other purposes. Of interest is the keeping of fish in wells, ponds and aquaria. However, there is still room for more research within many domains of ethnoichthyology.
Humans have always utilized fish and other aquatic resources. Nonetheless, few ethnobiologists working within Europe are so far researching human-fish relationships. This paper demonstrates the range of research available, but also points to future studies. It is important to widen ethnobiological research in Europe to include fish.
捕鱼可能是人类历史上最古老的经济活动之一。欧洲的湖泊、河流和溪流是欧洲景观的重要组成部分，拥有丰富多样的鱼类和其他水生生物。因此，手工渔业对提供食物、动物饲料、药物、肥料和其他需求非常重要。这些渔民对水景观及其生物群有着深刻的了解。然而，民族鱼类学在欧洲当代民族生物学中仍然是一个小话题。我们的重点是在北欧，从中世纪晚期到现代，但也涵盖了更广泛的地区，并在有信息的情况下提到了更早的时期。
我们主要回顾了从中世纪晚期（这里定义为 15 世纪）到 21 世纪初的关于人类与淡水鱼类关系的大量文献。主要重点是北欧的淡水（包括溯河洄游和降河洄游鱼类）鱼类，这是两位作者的主要研究领域，但也包括了其他地方的例子，以表明这些渔业的广泛重要性。该综述包括了来自考古学、民族志、鱼类生物学、地理学、语言学和骨骼学等不同领域的研究，以绘制出民族鱼类学中感兴趣的研究内容。这些数据已经过分析和批判性审查。
有考古动物学研究、专门渔民研究以及农民手工艺捕鱼研究、民间分类学研究、捕鱼方法（包括使用毒药）和渔具研究，这些都对民族鱼类学很有兴趣。还有关于鱼类作为食物和其他用途的传统保存方法的研究。有趣的是，将鱼类保存在水井、池塘和水族馆中。然而，在民族鱼类学的许多领域仍有更多的研究空间。
人类一直在利用鱼类和其他水生资源。尽管如此，在欧洲工作的民族生物学家中，很少有人在研究人类与鱼类的关系。本文展示了现有的研究范围，但也指出了未来的研究方向。在欧洲扩大民族生物学研究以包括鱼类是很重要的。
