Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Spain.
Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Res. 2021 May;196:110393. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110393. Epub 2020 Oct 28.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: While exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a well-established problem, exposure to third-hand smoke (THS) is scanty known and needs to be studied. The objective of this work is to characterize salivary cotinine concentrations among people who self-reported exposure to SHS and THS at home.
Cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n = 736) of the adult population (≥16 years) from the city of Barcelona carried out in 2013-2014. A questionnaire on tobacco use and passive exposure was administered, and a saliva sample was collected for cotinine determination. For this study, the information of the non-smoker participants who provided saliva sample (n = 519) was used. The geometric means (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) of the cotinine concentration were compared according to the type of self-reported exposure at home: (1) Not exposed to SHS or THS; (2) Exposed to SHS and THS; and (3) Only exposed to THS. We used log-linear models to compare the cotinine concentration of each exposed group with respect to the unexposed group, adjusting for sex, age, educational level, and tobacco exposure in other settings.
The GM of the salivary cotinine concentration was 0.34 ng/ml (GSD = 0.16) among individuals reporting SHS and THS exposure, 0.22 ng/ml (GSD = 0.15) among those reporting only THS exposure and 0.11 ng/ml (GSD = 0.04) among those who declared not to be exposed to SHS nor THS (p-value for trend <0.001). The regression model showed a statistically significant increase in cotinine concentration among those exposed to SHS and THS (188% higher, 95% CI: 153%; 223%), and only exposed to THS (106% higher, IC95. %: 74.5%; 137.0%) when comparing with the unexposed group. No statistically significant differences in cotinine concentration were observed between those exposed to SHS and THS compared to the THS group (-25.8%, 95% CI: -69.5%; 17.9%).
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: People exposed to third-hand smoke at home had quantifiable cotinine levels in saliva. No differences in cotinine levels were found between those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke at home. The reduction of exposure to third-hand smoke at home should be put into the agenda of tobacco control.
背景/目的：虽然二手烟（SHS）暴露是一个众所周知的问题，但三手烟（THS）暴露却鲜为人知，需要进一步研究。本研究的目的是描述在家中报告 SHS 和 THS 暴露的人群的唾液可替宁浓度特征。
2013-2014 年，对巴塞罗那市成年人群（≥16 岁）进行了一项具有代表性的横断面研究（n=736）。采用问卷调查了烟草使用和被动暴露情况，并采集唾液样本用于可替宁检测。本研究使用了提供唾液样本的非吸烟者(n=519)的信息。根据在家中报告的自我暴露类型，比较可替宁浓度的几何平均值（GM）和几何标准差（GSD）：（1）未暴露于 SHS 或 THS；（2）暴露于 SHS 和 THS；和（3）仅暴露于 THS。我们使用对数线性模型，在校正性别、年龄、教育水平和其他环境中的烟草暴露后，比较每个暴露组与未暴露组的可替宁浓度。
报告 SHS 和 THS 暴露的个体唾液可替宁浓度 GM 为 0.34ng/ml（GSD=0.16），仅报告 THS 暴露的个体为 0.22ng/ml（GSD=0.15），而报告未暴露于 SHS 或 THS 的个体为 0.11ng/ml（GSD=0.04）（p值<0.001）。回归模型显示，与未暴露组相比，暴露于 SHS 和 THS 的个体（188%，95%CI：153%；223%）和仅暴露于 THS 的个体（106%，IC95%：74.5%；137.0%）可替宁浓度均有统计学意义上的增加。暴露于 SHS 和 THS 的个体与 THS 暴露个体之间的可替宁浓度无统计学差异（-25.8%，95%CI：-69.5%；17.9%）。
结论/建议：在家中暴露于三手烟的人群唾液中可检测到可替宁。在家中同时暴露于二手烟和三手烟的个体与仅暴露于三手烟的个体之间的可替宁水平无差异。减少家庭中三手烟的暴露应纳入烟草控制议程。
