Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FASEB J. 2020 Dec;34(12):15659-15674. doi: 10.1096/fj.202002136R. Epub 2020 Nov 1.
Although the innate immune receptor protein, Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), has been extensively studied, there has been renewed interest in RAGE for its potential role in sepsis, along with a host of other inflammatory diseases of chronic, noninfectious origin. In contrast to other innate immune receptors, for example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that recognize ligands derived from pathogenic organisms that are collectively known as "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs) or host-derived "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs), RAGE has been shown to recognize a broad collection of DAMPs exclusively. Historically, these DAMPs have been shown to be pro-inflammatory in nature. Early studies indicated that the adaptor molecule, MyD88, might be important for this change. More recent studies have explored further the mechanisms underlying this inflammatory change. Overall, the newer results have shown that there is extensive crosstalk between RAGE and TLRs. The three canonical RAGE ligands, Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs), HMGB1, and S100 proteins, have all been shown to activate both TLRs and RAGE to varying degrees in order to induce inflammation in in vitro models. As with any field that delves deeply into innate signaling, obstacles of reagent purity may be a cause of some of the discrepancies in the literature, and we have found that commercial antibodies that have been widely used exhibit a high degree of nonspecificity. Nonetheless, the weight of published evidence has led us to speculate that RAGE may be physically interacting with TLRs on the cell surface to elicit inflammation via MyD88-dependent signaling.
尽管先天免疫受体蛋白,晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)已被广泛研究,但人们对 RAGE 的兴趣又重新燃起,因为它可能在败血症以及其他许多慢性非传染性炎症性疾病中发挥作用。与其他先天免疫受体(如 Toll 样受体 [TLR])不同,TLR 识别的配体来源于病原体,统称为“病原体相关分子模式”(PAMPs)或宿主来源的“损伤相关分子模式”(DAMPs),而 RAGE 已被证明仅识别广泛的 DAMPs。从历史上看,这些 DAMPs 被证明具有促炎作用。早期研究表明,衔接子分子 MyD88 可能对此变化很重要。最近的研究进一步探讨了这种炎症变化的机制。总体而言,新的研究结果表明,RAGE 与 TLR 之间存在广泛的串扰。三种典型的 RAGE 配体,晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)、高迁移率族蛋白 B1(HMGB1)和 S100 蛋白,都已被证明可以在体外模型中不同程度地激活 TLRs 和 RAGE,以诱导炎症。与深入研究先天信号的任何领域一样,试剂纯度的障碍可能是文献中一些差异的原因,我们发现广泛使用的商业抗体表现出高度的非特异性。尽管如此,大量已发表的证据使我们推测 RAGE 可能与 TLR 物理相互作用在细胞表面通过 MyD88 依赖性信号引发炎症。
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