Adam Cécile J M, Fortané Nicolas, Ducrot Christian, Paul Mathilde C
IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgroSup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
Front Vet Sci. 2020 Oct 7;7:548483. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.548483. eCollection 2020.
Reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) on farms is key for controlling the rise of resistant bacteria that have the potential capacity to infect humans direct animal contact or the food chain or the environment. To reduce AMU, antimicrobials must be used in a prudent and rational manner. Extensive efforts have been made recently to identify the cognitive and behavioral barriers to the appropriate use of antimicrobials by various livestock sector stakeholders. However, most studies carried out thus far have only partly captured the dynamic and systemic dimension of the processes involved in changes of practices related to AMU on farms. To shed light on the transition pathways implemented to reduce AMU, a qualitative study was conducted in France based on 28 semi-structured interviews with farmers, technicians and veterinarians from the free-range broiler production sector. Based on the thematic analysis of verbatims, we identified technical improvements which are key contributors to reduced AMU. We also highlighted some gaps in knowledge regarding AMU and antimicrobial resistance. We found that, rather than individual motivations alone, the extent to which farmers are embedded in collective organizations is decisive for changes in practices, and downstream operators (distributors and slaughterers) play a key role in the beginning of AMU transition pathways. As a result, we show that change in AMU requires a global rethinking of the overall socio-technical system rather than modifications of a single element in a farming system. Our results also highlight that transition pathways toward reduced AMU cannot just rely on trigger events, but also involves medium or long-term processes, with actors' experiences and practices being modified on an incremental basis over time. Our study sheds light on the need for multi and trans-disciplinary research involving the social sciences to analyze interactions between stakeholders and the collective actions implemented to tackle the challenge of AMU reduction.
减少农场抗菌药物的使用对于控制耐药细菌的增加至关重要，这些耐药细菌有可能通过直接接触动物、食物链或环境感染人类。为了减少抗菌药物的使用，必须谨慎合理地使用抗菌药物。最近，人们付出了巨大努力，以确定畜牧部门各利益相关者在合理使用抗菌药物方面的认知和行为障碍。然而，迄今为止进行的大多数研究只部分地捕捉到了农场抗菌药物使用实践变化过程中的动态和系统层面。为了阐明为减少抗菌药物使用而实施的转变途径，在法国进行了一项定性研究，对来自散养肉鸡生产部门的农民、技术人员和兽医进行了28次半结构化访谈。基于逐字记录的主题分析，我们确定了对减少抗菌药物使用有重要贡献的技术改进。我们还强调了在抗菌药物使用和抗菌药物耐药性方面的一些知识差距。我们发现，农民融入集体组织的程度而非个人动机，对于实践的改变具有决定性作用，并且下游经营者（经销商和屠宰商）在抗菌药物使用转变途径的开端起着关键作用。因此，我们表明，抗菌药物使用的改变需要对整个社会技术系统进行全面重新思考，而不是对养殖系统中的单个要素进行修改。我们的研究结果还突出表明，减少抗菌药物使用的转变途径不能仅仅依赖触发事件，还涉及中长期过程，行动者的经验和实践会随着时间逐步得到改变。我们的研究揭示了开展涉及社会科学的多学科和跨学科研究的必要性，以分析利益相关者之间的相互作用以及为应对减少抗菌药物使用挑战而实施的集体行动。
