National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021 Feb;40(2):390-401. doi: 10.1002/etc.4922. Epub 2020 Dec 18.
Environmental risk assessment is often challenged by a lack of toxicity data for ecological species. The overall goal of the present study was to employ an avian early-life stage toxicity test to determine the effects of 4 chemicals (benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], chlorpyrifos, fluoxetine hydrochloride [FLX], and ethinyl estradiol [EE2]) on an ecologically relevant avian species, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), and to compare our results with those we previously reported for a laboratory model species, Japanese quail. Chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and administered via air cell injection to fertilized, unincubated double-crested cormorant eggs at 3 nominal concentrations, the highest selected to approximate the 20% lethal dose. Of the 4 chemicals, only chlorpyrifos and FLX were detected in liver tissue of embryos at midincubation (day 14) and termination (day 26; 1-2 d prior to hatch); EE2 and BaP were not detectable, suggesting embryonic clearance/metabolism. No apical effects were observed in double-crested cormorant embryos up to the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos (no-observed-effect level [NOEL] = 25 µg/g) or FLX (NOEL = 18 µg/g). Exposure to EE2 reduced embryonic viability and increased deformities at a concentration of 2.3 µg/g (NOEL = 0.18 µg/g), and BaP decreased embryonic viability (median lethal dose = 0.015 µg/g; NOEL = 0.0027 µg/g). Compared with Japanese quail, double-crested cormorant were more sensitive with regard to embryolethality and deformities for EE2 and embryolethality for BaP, whereas they were less sensitive to embryonic deformities associated with chlorpyrifos exposure. These data reinforce the idea that standardized toxicity tests using a laboratory model species may not always be protective of wild birds, and thus they stress the importance of developing such alternative testing strategies (e.g., the EcoToxChip Project) for ecologically relevant species to augment risk assessment efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:390-401. © 2020 SETAC.
环境风险评估通常受到缺乏生态物种毒性数据的挑战。本研究的总体目标是采用鸟类早期生命阶段毒性试验来确定 4 种化学物质（苯并[a]芘[BaP]、毒死蜱、盐酸氟西汀[FLX]和乙炔雌二醇[EE2]）对生态相关鸟类物种——双冠鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax auritus）的影响，并将我们的结果与我们之前对实验室模型物种——鹌鹑的研究结果进行比较。将化学物质溶解在二甲基亚砜中，通过气室注射到受精但未孵化的双冠鸬鹚卵中，在 3 个名义浓度下给药，最高浓度选择接近 20%致死剂量。在孵化中期（第 14 天）和终止（第 26 天；孵化前 1-2 天）的胚胎肝脏组织中仅检测到毒死蜱和 FLX；EE2 和 BaP 无法检测到，表明胚胎清除/代谢。在最高浓度的毒死蜱（无观察到效应水平[NOEL]=25μg/g）或 FLX（NOEL=18μg/g）下，双冠鸬鹚胚胎未观察到顶端效应。暴露于 EE2 在浓度为 2.3μg/g 时降低了胚胎活力并增加了畸形（NOEL=0.18μg/g），而 BaP 降低了胚胎活力（半数致死剂量=0.015μg/g；NOEL=0.0027μg/g）。与鹌鹑相比，双冠鸬鹚对 EE2 的胚胎致死和畸形以及 BaP 的胚胎致死更为敏感，而对与毒死蜱暴露相关的胚胎畸形则不那么敏感。这些数据强化了这样一种观点，即使用实验室模型物种进行标准化毒性试验可能并不总是对野生鸟类具有保护作用，因此强调了为生态相关物种开发这种替代测试策略（例如，EcoToxChip 项目）的重要性，以补充风险评估工作。环境毒理化学 2021；40：390-401。版权所有 2020 SETAC。
