Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
Genes (Basel). 2020 Oct 29;11(11):1276. doi: 10.3390/genes11111276.
Cancerous and non-cancerous cells secrete exosomes, a type of nanovesicle known to carry the molecular signature of the parent for intercellular communications. Exosomes secreted by tumor cells carry abnormal DNA, RNA, and protein molecules that reflect the cancerous status. DNA is the master molecule that ultimately affects the function of RNA and proteins. Aberrations in DNA can potentially lead a cell to malignancy. Deviant quantities and the differential sequences of exosomal DNA are useful characteristics as cancer biomarkers. Since these alterations are either associated with specific stages of cancer or caused due to a clinical treatment, exosomal DNA is valuable as a diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic-intervention response biomarker. Notably, the exosomes can cross an intact blood-brain barrier and anatomical compartments by transcytosis. As such, the cancer-specific trademark molecules can be detected in systemic blood circulation and other body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, with non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures. This comprehensive review highlights the cancer-specific modulations of DNA associated with circulating exosomes that are beneficial as glioma biomarkers.
癌细胞和非癌细胞都会分泌外泌体，这是一种已知能够携带供细胞间通讯用的亲本分子特征的纳米囊泡。肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体携带异常的 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质分子，反映了癌变状态。DNA 是最终影响 RNA 和蛋白质功能的主分子。DNA 的异常可能导致细胞癌变。外泌体 DNA 的异常数量和差异序列是作为癌症生物标志物的有用特征。由于这些改变要么与癌症的特定阶段有关，要么是由于临床治疗引起的，因此外泌体 DNA 作为诊断、预后、预测和治疗干预反应的生物标志物具有价值。值得注意的是，外泌体可以通过胞吞作用穿过完整的血脑屏障和解剖隔室。因此，可以通过非侵入性或微创程序在全身血液循环和其他体液（包括脑脊液）中检测到癌症特异性标志性分子。本综述重点介绍了与循环外泌体相关的与癌症特异性相关的 DNA 调节，这些调节可作为神经胶质瘤的生物标志物。
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