Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL), Bergen, Norway.
J Interpers Violence. 2022 May;37(9-10):NP7679-NP7706. doi: 10.1177/0886260520970314. Epub 2020 Nov 3.
Consequences of nondomestic violence are known to be multifaceted with high rates of emotional and psychological problems in addition to physical injuries, and victims report many trauma related symptoms. This study explore if perceived social support (PSS) (Social Provisions Scale [SPS]) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Impact of Event Scale [IES-22]) are interrelated among adult victims at four assessment points up until eight years after the exposure to physical assault; soon after the event (T1), three months after T1 (T2), one year after T1 (T3), and eight years after T1 (T4). One hundred and forty-three subjects participated at T1, 94 at T2, 73 at T3, and 47 accepted a follow-up at T4. At T1, 138 of 143 completed the questionnaires within 16 weeks after the incident. PTSD symptoms were highly correlated across time ( < .001); PSS were significantly correlated only between T1 and T2 ( < .001), T1 and T3 ( < .05), and between T2 and T3 ( < .05). Cross-lagged analyses showed an inverse relationship between prior PSS and later PTSD symptoms across all time points (s < .05); not proved between prior PTSD symptoms and later PSS (s > .1). PSS at T1 was an independent predictor of PSS one year and eight years after the incident. We conclude that higher perception of social support protects against the development of PTSD symptoms; diminished perception of social support increases the risk of developing PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that PSS after experiencing a violent assault should be considered as an important factor in natural recovery in the long run, as well as essential alongside psychiatric treatment. Establishing psychosocial interventions for victims of physical violence in the acute phase may prevent prolonged trauma reactions.
众所周知，非家庭暴力的后果是多方面的，除了身体伤害外，还会导致情绪和心理问题高发，受害者报告有许多与创伤相关的症状。本研究旨在探讨成年受害者在暴露于身体攻击后长达八年的四个评估点上，即事件发生后不久（T1）、T1 后三个月（T2）、T1 后一年（T3）和 T1 后八年（T4），感知社会支持（PSS）（社会供应量表[SPS]）和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状（事件影响量表[IES-22]）是否相互关联。共有 143 名受试者在 T1 时参加，94 名在 T2 时参加，73 名在 T3 时参加，47 名在 T4 时接受随访。在 T1 时，143 人中的 138 人在事件发生后 16 周内完成了问卷。PTSD 症状在整个时间上高度相关（<0.001）；PSS 仅在 T1 和 T2（<0.001）、T1 和 T3（<0.05）以及 T2 和 T3 之间（<0.05）显著相关。交叉滞后分析显示，在所有时间点上，先前的 PSS 与随后的 PTSD 症状之间呈负相关（s<0.05）；先前的 PTSD 症状与随后的 PSS 之间没有相关性（s>0.1）。T1 时的 PSS 是事件一年和八年后 PSS 的独立预测因子。我们得出结论，较高的社会支持感可预防 PTSD 症状的发展；社会支持感减弱会增加患 PTSD 症状的风险。这些发现表明，在经历暴力袭击后，应将 PSS 视为长期自然康复的重要因素，并且与精神病治疗一样重要。在急性期为遭受身体暴力的受害者建立心理社会干预措施可能会防止长期的创伤反应。
