Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
Biomaterials. 2021 Feb;269:120492. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120492. Epub 2020 Oct 24.
In spite of a great improvement in medical health services and an increase in lifespan, we have witnessed a skyrocket increase in the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease), ischemic stroke, and epilepsy, which have seriously undermined the quality of life and substantially increased economic and societal burdens. Development of diagnostic methods for CNS disorders is still in the early stage, and the clinical outcomes suggest these methods are not ready for the challenges associated with diagnosis of CNS disorders, such as early detection, specific binding, sharp contrast, and continuous monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Another challenge is to overcome various barrier structures during delivery of diagnostic agents, especially the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Fortunately, utilization of nanomaterials has been pursued as a potential and promising strategy to address these challenges. This review will discuss anatomical and functional structures of BBB and transport mechanisms of nanomaterials across the BBB, and special emphases will be placed on the state-of-the-art advances in the development of nanomedicines from a variety of nanomaterials for diagnosis of CNS disorders. Meanwhile, current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted.
尽管医疗保健服务有了很大的改善，寿命也有所延长，但我们已经看到中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病的发病率急剧上升，包括脑肿瘤、神经退行性疾病（阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、亨廷顿病）、缺血性中风和癫痫，这些疾病严重降低了生活质量，并大大增加了经济和社会负担。中枢神经系统疾病的诊断方法仍处于起步阶段，临床结果表明，这些方法还不能应对中枢神经系统疾病诊断相关的挑战，如早期检测、特异性结合、鲜明对比以及对治疗干预的持续监测。另一个挑战是克服递送至诊断剂时遇到的各种障碍结构，特别是血脑屏障（BBB）。幸运的是，人们一直致力于将纳米材料用作解决这些挑战的一种潜在而有前途的策略。本综述将讨论 BBB 的解剖和功能结构以及纳米材料穿过 BBB 的转运机制，并特别强调各种纳米材料在开发中枢神经系统疾病诊断用纳米药物方面的最新进展。同时，还突出了该领域当前的挑战和未来展望。
