Hrozanova Maria, Klöckner Christian A, Sandbakk Øyvind, Pallesen Ståle, Moen Frode
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 9;11:545581. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545581. eCollection 2020.
The importance of adequate sleep for athletic functioning is well established. Still, the literature shows that many athletes report sleep of suboptimal quality or quantity. To date, no research has investigated how bidirectional variations in mental and physiological states influence sleep patterns. The present study, therefore, investigates reciprocal associations between sleep, mental strain, and training load by utilizing a prospective, observational design. In all, 56 junior endurance athletes were followed over 61 consecutive days. Unobtrusive, objective measurements of sleep with novel radar technology were obtained, and subjective daily reports of mental strain and training load were collected. The role of subjective sleep quality was investigated to identify whether the reciprocal associations between sleep, mental strain, and training load depended on being a good versus poor sleeper. Multilevel modeling with Bayesian estimation was used to investigate the relationships. The results show that increases in mental strain are associated with decreased total sleep time (TST, 95% CI = -0.12 to -0.03), light sleep (95% CI = -0.08 to -0.00), and sleep efficiency (95% CI = -0.95 to -0.09). Further, both mental strain and training load are associated with subsequent deceased rapid eye movement (REM, respectively, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.00 and 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.00) sleep. Increases in TST, light, deep, and REM sleep are all associated with subsequent decreased training load (respectively, 95% CI = -0.09 to -0.03; 95% CI = -0.10 to -0.01; 95% CI = -0.22 to -0.02; 95% CI = -0.18 to -0.03). Finally, among poor sleepers, increases in sleep onset latency are associated with increases in subsequent mental strain (95% CI = 0.09-0.46), and increases in deep sleep are associated with decreases in subsequent training load (95% CI = -67.65 to 11.43). These results offer novel insight into the bidirectional associations between sleep, mental strain, and training load in athletes and demonstrate the detrimental effects of mental strain on sleep, likely caused by mental activation incompatible with sleep. An increased need for recovery, suggested by increased TST and time in different sleep stages, is associated with subsequent self-regulatory reduction of training loads by the athletes. In poor sleepers, increases in deep sleep may suggest an elevated need for physiological recovery.
充足睡眠对运动机能的重要性已得到充分证实。然而，文献表明，许多运动员报告睡眠质量或睡眠时间不理想。迄今为止，尚无研究调查心理和生理状态的双向变化如何影响睡眠模式。因此，本研究采用前瞻性观察设计，调查睡眠、心理压力和训练负荷之间的相互关系。总共对56名青少年耐力运动员进行了连续61天的跟踪研究。使用新型雷达技术对睡眠进行了无干扰的客观测量，并收集了心理压力和训练负荷的主观每日报告。研究了主观睡眠质量的作用，以确定睡眠、心理压力和训练负荷之间的相互关系是否取决于睡眠质量的好坏。采用贝叶斯估计的多层模型来研究这些关系。结果表明，心理压力增加与总睡眠时间（TST，95%可信区间=-0.12至-0.03）、浅睡眠（95%可信区间=-0.08至-0.00）和睡眠效率（95%可信区间=-0.95至-0.09）降低有关。此外，心理压力和训练负荷都与随后快速眼动（REM，分别为95%可信区间=-0.05至-0.00和95%可信区间=-0.06至-0.00）睡眠减少有关。TST、浅睡眠、深睡眠和REM睡眠增加均与随后训练负荷降低有关（分别为95%可信区间=-0.09至-0.03；95%可信区间=-0.10至-0.01；95%可信区间=-0.22至-0.02；95%可信区间=-0.18至-0.03）。最后，在睡眠质量差的人群中，入睡潜伏期增加与随后心理压力增加有关（95%可信区间=0.09-0.46），深睡眠增加与随后训练负荷降低有关（95%可信区间=-67.65至11.43）。这些结果为运动员睡眠、心理压力和训练负荷之间的双向关联提供了新的见解，并证明了心理压力对睡眠的有害影响，这可能是由与睡眠不相容的心理激活引起的。TST和不同睡眠阶段时间增加表明恢复需求增加，这与运动员随后自我调节降低训练负荷有关。在睡眠质量差的人群中，深睡眠增加可能表明生理恢复需求增加。
