Activation of β adrenergic receptor signaling modulates inflammation: a target limiting the progression of kidney diseases.

Beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β-AR)-agonists, widely used as bronchodilators, have demonstrated wide-spectrum anti-inflammatory properties in both immune and non-immune cells in various tissues. Their anti-inflammatory properties are mediated primarily, but not exclusively, via activation of the canonical β-AR signaling pathway (β-AR/cAMP/PKA). As non-canonical β-AR signaling also occurs, several inconsistent findings on the anti-inflammatory effect of β-agonists are notably present. Increasing amounts of evidence have unveiled the alternative mechanisms of the β-AR agonists in protecting the tissues against injuries, i.e., by augmenting mitochondria biogenesis and SIRT1 activity, and by attenuating fibrotic signaling. This review mainly covers the basic mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of β-AR activation along with its limitations. Specifically, we summarized the role of β-AR signaling in regulating kidney function and in mediating the progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Given their versatile protective effects, β-agonists can be a promising avenue in the treatment of kidney diseases.