Kahmini Fatemeh Rezaei, Shahgaldi Shahab
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Exp Mol Pathol. 2021 Feb;118:104566. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104566. Epub 2020 Nov 6.
Over the past decades, new light has been shed on the efficiency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic functions of MSCs partly stem from their well-recognized ability to efficiently modulate immune responses and it is well substantiated that MSC secretory components, in particular extracellular vesicles (EVs), play a critical role in this immunomodulation. In fact, almost any cell type can generate and release EVs under both pathological and physiological conditions and these nano-sized particles are believed to greatly contribute to homeostasis and cell-cell communication through transportation of a wide variety of biomolecules including nucleic acid, signaling lipids, regulatory proteins, transcription factors, cytokines, and growth factors. Lamentably, despite exhibiting promising results in both animal experiments and clinical trials, MSC therapy is still largely restricted to the experimental stage due to its critical pitfalls and drawbacks such as safety issues, poor cell survival, immune rejection and high cost. On the other hand, MSC-derived EVs, which ideally reflect the exact biophysical features of MSCs, are considered to be much safer and more effective than MSCs themselves. Therefore, introducing alternative approaches based on MSC-derived EVs can offer appreciable promise in overcoming the limitations and practical challenges observed in cell-based therapy and thus the extracellular vesicles of MSCs may also provide a far more potent therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders. In this review, we first focus on the properties of MSC-derived EVs and then we shall provide valuable insight regarding their beneficial therapeutic opportunities to further compare this alternative approach with conventional MSC therapy. Finally, we will attempt to summarize the current findings on the influences of MSC-derived EVs on autoimmune disorders, offering a potential alternative avenue towards treatment of autoimmune diseases.
在过去几十年中，间充质干细胞（MSCs）在治疗自身免疫性疾病方面的效率有了新的认识。MSCs的治疗功能部分源于其公认的有效调节免疫反应的能力，并且有充分证据表明，MSC分泌成分，特别是细胞外囊泡（EVs），在这种免疫调节中起关键作用。事实上，几乎任何细胞类型在病理和生理条件下都能产生和释放EVs，这些纳米级颗粒被认为通过运输包括核酸、信号脂质、调节蛋白、转录因子、细胞因子和生长因子在内的多种生物分子，对体内平衡和细胞间通讯有很大贡献。遗憾的是，尽管在动物实验和临床试验中都显示出有前景的结果，但由于其关键的缺陷和缺点，如安全问题、细胞存活率低、免疫排斥和成本高，MSC治疗仍主要局限于实验阶段。另一方面，源自MSC的EVs理想地反映了MSCs的确切生物物理特征，被认为比MSCs本身更安全、更有效。因此，引入基于源自MSC的EVs的替代方法有望克服基于细胞治疗中观察到的局限性和实际挑战，因此MSCs的细胞外囊泡也可能为免疫相关疾病提供一种更有效的治疗策略。在这篇综述中，我们首先关注源自MSC的EVs的特性，然后提供关于其有益治疗机会的有价值见解，以进一步将这种替代方法与传统的MSC治疗进行比较。最后，我们将尝试总结目前关于源自MSC的EVs对自身免疫性疾病影响的研究结果，为自身免疫性疾病的治疗提供一条潜在的替代途径。
