Rad Fariba, Ghorbani Mohammad, Mohammadi Roushandeh Amaneh, Habibi Roudkenar Mehryar
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
Mol Biol Rep. 2019 Feb;46(1):1533-1549. doi: 10.1007/s11033-019-04588-y. Epub 2019 Jan 8.
In autoimmune disease body's own immune system knows healthy cells as undesired and foreign cells. Over 80 types of autoimmune diseases have been recognized. Currently, at clinical practice, treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders are based on relieving symptoms and preventing difficulties. In other words, there is no effective and useful therapy up to now. It has been well-known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory effects. This strongly suggests that MSCs might be as a novel modality for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Supporting this notion a few preclinical and clinical studies indicate that MSCs ameliorate autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, it has been found that the beneficial effects of MSCs in autoimmune disorders are not relying only on direct cell-to-cell communication but on their capability to produce a broad range of paracrine factors including growth factors, cytokines and extracellular vehicles (EVs). EVs are multi-signal messengers that play a serious role in intercellular signaling through carrying cargo such as mRNA, miRNA, and proteins. Numerous studies have shown that MSC-derived EVs are able to mimic the effects of the cell of origin on immune cells. In this review, we discuss the current studies dealing with MSC-based therapies in autoimmune diseases and provide a vision and highlight in order to introduce MSC-derived EVs as an alternative and emerging modality for autoimmune disorders.
在自身免疫性疾病中，机体自身的免疫系统将健康细胞识别为不需要的外来细胞。目前已确认超过80种自身免疫性疾病。当前在临床实践中，自身免疫性疾病的治疗策略基于缓解症状和预防并发症。换句话说，到目前为止尚无有效且有用的治疗方法。众所周知，间充质干细胞（MSCs）具有免疫调节作用。这强烈表明MSCs可能是治疗自身免疫性疾病的一种新方法。一些临床前和临床研究支持了这一观点，表明MSCs可改善自身免疫性疾病。有趣的是，已发现MSCs在自身免疫性疾病中的有益作用不仅依赖于直接的细胞间通讯，还依赖于它们产生多种旁分泌因子的能力，这些因子包括生长因子、细胞因子和细胞外囊泡（EVs）。EVs是多信号信使，通过携带mRNA、miRNA和蛋白质等货物在细胞间信号传导中发挥重要作用。大量研究表明，源自MSCs的EVs能够模拟起源细胞对免疫细胞的作用。在本综述中，我们讨论了目前关于基于MSCs治疗自身免疫性疾病的研究，并提供了展望和重点内容，以便将源自MSCs的EVs作为自身免疫性疾病的一种替代且新兴的治疗方法进行介绍。
