Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Dec;127:103490. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103490. Epub 2020 Oct 22.
The P450 family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions. The P450 sequences (CYPome) from 40 arthropod species were manually curated, including 31 complete CYPomes, and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of nearly 3000 sequences is presented. Arthropod CYPomes are assembled from members of six CYP clans of variable size, the CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial clans, as well as the CYP20 and CYP16 clans that are not found in Neoptera. CYPome sizes vary from two dozen genes in some parasitic species to over 200 in species as diverse as collembolans or ticks. CYPomes are comprised of few CYP families with many genes and many CYP families with few genes, and this distribution is the result of dynamic birth and death processes. Lineage-specific expansions or blooms are found throughout the phylogeny and often result in genomic clusters that appear to form a reservoir of catalytic diversity maintained as heritable units. Among the many P450s with physiological functions, six CYP families are involved in ecdysteroid metabolism. However, five so-called Halloween genes are not universally represented and do not constitute the unique pathway of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The diversity of arthropod CYPomes has only partially been uncovered to date and many P450s with physiological functions regulating the synthesis and degradation of endogenous signal molecules (including ecdysteroids) and semiochemicals (including pheromones and defense chemicals) remain to be discovered. Sequence diversity of arthropod P450s is extreme, and P450 sequences lacking the universally conserved Cys ligand to the heme have evolved several times. A better understanding of P450 evolution is needed to discern the relative contributions of stochastic processes and adaptive processes in shaping the size and diversity of CYPomes.
节肢动物 P450 家族（CYP 基因）编码多种参与外来化合物代谢以及重要内分泌或生态生理功能的酶。对 40 种节肢动物的 P450 序列（CYPome）进行了人工整理，包括 31 个完整的 CYPome，并提出了近 3000 个序列的最大似然系统发育。节肢动物 CYPome 由大小不定的六个 CYP 族的成员组装而成，包括 CYP2、CYP3、CYP4 和线粒体族，以及在新翅类中未发现的 CYP20 和 CYP16 族。CYPome 的大小从某些寄生物种的二十几个基因到节肢动物的 200 多个基因不等。CYPomes 由少数几个含有许多基因的 CYP 家族和许多含有少数基因的 CYP 家族组成，这种分布是由于动态的诞生和死亡过程。谱系特异性扩张或激增在整个系统发育中都有发现，并且经常导致似乎形成遗传单位的催化多样性储库的基因组簇。在具有生理功能的众多 P450 中，有六个 CYP 家族参与蜕皮甾类代谢。然而，并非所有的所谓万圣节基因都普遍存在，也不构成蜕皮甾类生物合成的独特途径。迄今为止，节肢动物 CYPome 的多样性仅部分被揭示，许多具有生理功能的 P450 调节内源性信号分子（包括蜕皮甾类）和信息素（包括信息素和防御化学物质）的合成和降解，仍有待发现。节肢动物 P450 的序列多样性非常极端，并且已经进化了几次缺乏血红素普遍保守的 Cys 配体的 P450 序列。需要更好地了解 P450 的进化，以辨别随机过程和适应性过程在塑造 CYPome 的大小和多样性方面的相对贡献。
