Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
J Sport Health Sci. 2023 Mar;12(2):266-274. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.004. Epub 2020 Nov 11.
Low levels of antioxidant paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity, PON1-Q192R polymorphism (a glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) substitution at position 192), PON1-L55M polymorphism (a leucine (L) to methionine (M) substitution at position 55), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are risk factors for coronary heart disease. Aerobic exercise improves PON1 activity, but the effects of hypoxic exercise are yet unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxic underwater rugby training on PON1 activity and oxLDL levels and the role of the mentioned polymorphisms.
Serum PON1 and arylesterase activities (ARE), PON1, PON3, and oxLDL protein levels (by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were determined in an athletic group (42 trained male underwater rugby players; age = 21.7 ± 4.2 years, mean ± SD) and a control group (43 sedentary men; age = 23.9 ± 3.2 years). The polymorphisms were determined from genomic DNA samples.
PON1 activity (25.1%, p = 0.052), PON3 (p < 0.001), and oxLDL (p < 0.001) of the athletic group, including most genotype groups, were higher than those of the control group. In comparison to the controls, PON1 activity levels (p = 0.005) of the PON1-Q192R homozygote QQ genotype group and PON1 activity levels (30%, p = 0.116) of the PON1-L55M homozygote LL genotype group were higher, whereas ARE activity values of athletic R allele carrier (Rc = QR + RR) (p = 0.005) and LL group (p = 0.002) were lower than the control genotype groups related to their polymorphisms.
Hypoxic training can cause (1) significant oxidative stress, including oxLDL, and an antioxidant response (increase in PON1 activity and PON3), (2) differences in the activity of PON1 and ARE, which are modified by PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms, respectively, and (3) improvements in PON1 activity of QQ and LL groups. However, hypoxic training can cause a disadvantage of LL and Rc groups for ARE.
抗氧化酶对氧磷酶 1（PON1）活性水平较低、PON1-Q192R 多态性（第 192 位的谷氨酰胺（Q）替换为精氨酸（R））、PON1-L55M 多态性（第 55 位的亮氨酸（L）替换为蛋氨酸（M））和氧化型低密度脂蛋白（oxLDL）是冠心病的危险因素。有氧运动可以提高 PON1 活性，但缺氧运动的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在确定缺氧水下橄榄球训练对 PON1 活性和 oxLDL 水平的影响，以及上述多态性的作用。
在一个运动组（42 名训练有素的男性水下橄榄球运动员；年龄=21.7±4.2 岁，均值±标准差）和对照组（43 名久坐不动的男性；年龄=23.9±3.2 岁）中，测定血清 PON1 和芳基酯酶活性（ARE）、PON1、PON3 和 oxLDL 蛋白水平（酶联免疫吸附测定法）。从基因组 DNA 样本中确定了多态性。
与对照组相比，运动组的 PON1 活性（25.1%，p=0.052）、PON3（p<0.001）和 oxLDL（p<0.001）均较高，包括大多数基因型组。与对照组相比，PON1-Q192R 纯合子 QQ 基因型组的 PON1 活性水平（p=0.005）和 PON1-L55M 纯合子 LL 基因型组的 PON1 活性水平（30%，p=0.116）较高，而运动 R 等位基因携带者（Rc=QR+RR）（p=0.005）和 LL 组（p=0.002）的 ARE 活性值低于与其多态性相关的对照组基因型组。
缺氧训练可导致（1）显著的氧化应激，包括 oxLDL 和抗氧化反应（增加 PON1 活性和 PON3）；（2）PON1 和 ARE 活性的差异，分别由 PON1-Q192R 和 PON1-L55M 多态性修饰；（3）QQ 和 LL 组的 PON1 活性提高。然而，缺氧训练会对 LL 和 Rc 组的 ARE 产生不利影响。
