Department of Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2021 Jan;21(1):5-13. doi: 10.1111/ggi.14088. Epub 2020 Nov 16.
Good nutritional status is crucial for maintaining growth and health in all stages of life. However, the relationship between nutritional status and health and the effect on various health-related outcomes differ, depending on the life stage. Many adverse outcomes in older adults, directly linked to different nutritional status, are not present in middle-aged adults, and their ideal nutritional status may differ. This article will review the optimal nutritional status, mainly evaluated by anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, for older adults from various perspectives. Overall, in older adults low body mass index is at higher risk of health problems such as mortality and difficulties in physical functioning compared with middle-aged adults, reducing the risk of health problems for overweight and (abdominal) obesity. Overweight may be more beneficial than lower level of normal weight in older-old and vulnerable older people. While, with or without obesity, skeletal muscle loss or weakness as well as unintentional weight loss induces health problems in older adults. The impact of metabolic syndrome on the prognosis of older adults is clearly reduced compared with middle-aged adults, requiring a shift in medical attention in older adults from metabolic syndrome to frailty. There are still many unclear points regarding the optimal nutritional status of older people, and further research is needed to support healthy longevity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 5-13.
良好的营养状况对于维持生命各个阶段的生长和健康至关重要。然而，营养状况与健康的关系以及对各种健康相关结果的影响因生命阶段而异。许多与不同营养状况直接相关的老年人不良后果在中年人中并不存在，他们的理想营养状况可能也有所不同。本文将从多个角度回顾老年人的最佳营养状况，主要通过身体质量指数等人体测量学指标进行评估。总体而言，与中年人相比，低体质指数会使老年人面临更高的健康问题风险，如死亡率和身体机能障碍，而超重和（腹部）肥胖则降低了健康问题的风险。超重可能比低水平的正常体重对高龄和脆弱的老年人更有益。然而，无论是否肥胖，骨骼肌减少或衰弱以及非有意的体重减轻都会导致老年人出现健康问题。与中年人相比，代谢综合征对老年人预后的影响明显降低，这需要老年人的医疗关注点从代谢综合征转移到虚弱。老年人最佳营养状况仍有许多不清楚的地方，需要进一步研究以支持健康长寿。老年医学与老年病学杂志 2021; 21: 5-13。
