Liu Jessica, Gaiha Shivani Mathur, Halpern-Felsher Bonnie
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA.
Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 770 Welch Road, Suite 100, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(4):520-532. doi: 10.1007/s40429-020-00345-5. Epub 2020 Nov 12.
Adolescent use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has risen rapidly, which is concerning given the health effects of e-cigarettes and youth susceptibility to nicotine addiction. It is critical that efforts to educate, prevent, and reduce adolescent use of e-cigarettes are developed and evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to review available current prevention and cessation programs.
A web-based search of currently available e-cigarette prevention and cessation/treatment programs was conducted using Google in May of 2020. Programs were then reviewed on whether they included theory- and evidence-based practices of effective adolescent prevention and cessation programs. Eight prevention programs, seven cessation programs, and one program that addressed both prevention and cessation were identified and included in this review. Most prevention programs included the importance of understanding flavored e-cigarette products, addressed industry-targeted marketing, included social learning activities to develop refusal skills, delivered free-of-cost, available online, and explicitly stated their incorporation of theory. Five prevention programs and two cessation programs had empirically evaluated their e-cigarette-related components.
Although the programs reviewed largely incorporated theory and included key components known to be effective, there are some gaps in the programs' overall ability to prevent and stop adolescents from using e-cigarettes, such as lack of dedicated e-cigarette materials. More evidence-based tools, resources, and evaluations are needed to best inform adolescent e-cigarette cessation. Addressing the gaps that existing prevention and cessation programs present requires intervening at multiple systematic levels, conducting more rigorous program evaluations, and bolstering the availability of cessation programs.
青少年使用电子烟的情况迅速增加，鉴于电子烟对健康的影响以及青少年对尼古丁成瘾的易感性，这令人担忧。制定并评估旨在教育、预防和减少青少年使用电子烟的措施至关重要。本文的目的是回顾现有的预防和戒烟项目。
2020年5月，通过谷歌对当前可用的电子烟预防和戒烟/治疗项目进行了基于网络的搜索。然后对这些项目是否包含有效青少年预防和戒烟项目的理论和循证实践进行了审查。确定了八项预防项目、七项戒烟项目以及一项同时涉及预防和戒烟的项目，并将其纳入本综述。大多数预防项目都提到了了解调味电子烟产品的重要性，涉及针对行业的营销，包括开展社会学习活动以培养拒绝技巧，免费提供、可在线获取，并明确表示纳入了相关理论。五项预防项目和两项戒烟项目对其与电子烟相关的组成部分进行了实证评估。
尽管所审查的项目在很大程度上纳入了理论并包含已知有效的关键组成部分，但这些项目在整体预防和阻止青少年使用电子烟的能力方面仍存在一些差距，例如缺乏专门的电子烟材料。需要更多基于证据的工具、资源和评估，以便为青少年电子烟戒烟提供最佳信息。解决现有预防和戒烟项目存在的差距需要在多个系统层面进行干预，开展更严格的项目评估，并增加戒烟项目的可及性。
