Department of General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qing Hua Road, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, 142 North Street, Yantai 264008, PR China.
Department of General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qing Hua Road, Changchun 130021, PR China.
Dent Mater. 2021 Jan;37(1):81-93. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.007. Epub 2020 Nov 15.
This study examines the differences in osteogenic activity and antibacterial property among polyetheretherketone (PEEK) treated by three types of cold plasma.
Standard PEEK specimens were randomly assigned to four groups, which were named according to the treatment: PEEK-C (untreated), PEEK-A (Ar cold plasma treatment), PEEK-N (N cold plasma treatment), and PEEK-AN (90% Ar and 10% N mixed cold plasma treatment). Physical and chemical properties of the specimen surfaces were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and drop shape analyzer (DSA). MC3T3 osteoblasts were used in vitro to determine the osteogenic activity by cell adhesion morphology observation, cell counting-kit 8 (CCK-8) assay, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay. Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were used in vitro to determine the antibacterial property by a plate colony-counting method and bacterial adhesion morphology observation.
SEM and AFM analysis showed that the PEEK-C surface was smooth, whereas matrix-arranged nanoprotrusions appeared on the surface of the experimental groups: scaly nano-protrusions appeared on the PEEK-A and PEEK-AN surfaces, while dendritic nanoprotrusions appeared on the PEEK-N surface. Among the experimental groups, PEEK-AN had the finest surface nanoprotrusions. The roughness of the experimental groups increased compared with the PEEK-C group: the PEEK-N group was the roughest with a Ra of 192.60 ± 5.89 nm and PEEK-A was the smoothest with a Ra of 99.60 ± 5.43 nm. The hydrophilicity of the experimental groups was significantly enhanced compared with the PEEK-C group, among which, PEEK-N was the strongest and PEEK-A the weakest. The osteogenic activity and antibacterial property of the experimental groups displayed a remarkable increase compared with the PEEK-C group. Among the experimental groups, PEEK-N displayed the best osteogenic activity while PEEK-AN possessed the strongest antibacterial property. The osteogenic activity and antibacterial performance of PEEK-A were the weakest. Among these treatments, the N cold plasma treatment was the most suitable modification method for PEEK application in dental implant.
Cold plasma treatment is a promising method to improve PEEK osteogenic activity and antibacterial properties. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on PEEK cold plasma treatment.
本研究考察了三种冷等离子体处理的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）在成骨活性和抗菌性能方面的差异。
将标准 PEEK 标本随机分为四组，根据处理方式分别命名为 PEEK-C（未处理）、PEEK-A（Ar 冷等离子体处理）、PEEK-N（N 冷等离子体处理）和 PEEK-AN（90%Ar 和 10%N 混合冷等离子体处理）。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）和滴形分析仪（DSA）测定标本表面的物理化学性质。体外使用 MC3T3 成骨细胞通过细胞黏附形态观察、细胞计数试剂盒 8（CCK-8）测定和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性测定来确定成骨活性。体外使用变形链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌通过平板菌落计数法和细菌黏附形态观察来确定抗菌性能。
SEM 和 AFM 分析显示，PEEK-C 表面光滑，而实验组表面出现基质排列的纳米突起：PEEK-A 和 PEEK-AN 表面出现片状纳米突起，PEEK-N 表面出现树枝状纳米突起。实验组中，PEEK-AN 的表面纳米突起最细。实验组的粗糙度与 PEEK-C 组相比有所增加：PEEK-N 组最粗糙，Ra 为 192.60±5.89nm，PEEK-A 组最光滑，Ra 为 99.60±5.43nm。实验组的亲水性与 PEEK-C 组相比显著增强，其中 PEEK-N 最强，PEEK-A 最弱。实验组的成骨活性和抗菌性能与 PEEK-C 组相比均显著提高。实验组中，PEEK-N 的成骨活性最好，而 PEEK-AN 的抗菌性能最强。PEEK-A 的成骨活性和抗菌性能最弱。在这些处理中，N 冷等离子体处理是最适合 PEEK 在牙科植入物中应用的改性方法。
冷等离子体处理是提高 PEEK 成骨活性和抗菌性能的一种有前途的方法。本研究为未来 PEEK 冷等离子体处理的研究提供了理论依据。
