Genomic clustering within functionally related gene families in fungi.

Multiple mechanisms collaborate for proper regulation of gene expression. One layer of this regulation is through the clustering of functionally related genes at discrete loci throughout the genome. This phenomenon occurs extensively throughout fungi and is an organizing principle for many gene families whose proteins participate in diverse molecular functions throughout the cell. Members of this phylum include organisms that serve as model systems and those of interest medically, pharmaceutically, and for industrial and biotechnological applications. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of functional clustering through a broad range of organisms within the phylum. Position effects on transcription, genomic locations of clusters, transcriptional regulation of clusters, and selective pressures contributing to the formation and maintenance of clusters are addressed, as are common methods to identify and characterize clusters.